diff: parse separate options like -S foo

Change the option parsing logic in revision.c to accept separate forms
like `-S foo' in addition to `-Sfoo'. The rest of git already accepted
this form, but revision.c still used its own option parsing.

Short options affected are -S<string>, -l<num> and -O<orderfile>, for
which an empty string wouldn't make sense, hence -<option> <arg> isn't
ambiguous.

This patch does not handle --stat-name-width and --stat-width, which are
special-cases where diff_long_opt do not apply. They are handled in a
separate patch to ease review.

Original patch by Matthieu Moy, plus refactoring by Jonathan Nieder.

Signed-off-by: Matthieu Moy <Matthieu.Moy@imag.fr>
Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

t/t4013-diff-various.sh

@@ -208,6 +208,7 @@ log -p --first-parent master
 log -m -p --first-parent master
 log -m -p master
 log -SF master
+log -S F master
 log -SF -p master
 log --decorate --all
 log --decorate=full --all
@@ -282,4 +283,8 @@ diff master master^ side
 diff --dirstat master~1 master~2
 EOF
 
+test_expect_success 'log -S requires an argument' '
+	test_must_fail git log -S
+'
+
 test_done