GIT 1.0.0

Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>

.gitignore

@@ -60,7 +60,6 @@ git-merge-stupid
 git-mktag
 git-name-rev
 git-mv
-git-octopus
 git-pack-redundant
 git-pack-objects
 git-parse-remote

Documentation/Makefile

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ ARTICLES += diffcore
 ARTICLES += howto-index
 ARTICLES += repository-layout
 ARTICLES += hooks
+ARTICLES += everyday
 # with their own formatting rules.
 SP_ARTICLES = glossary howto/revert-branch-rebase
 

Documentation/cvs-migration.txt

@@ -187,7 +187,8 @@ you would use git-rev-list and git-diff-tree like this:
 
 We have already talked about the "\--stdin" form of git-diff-tree
 command that reads the list of commits and compares each commit
-with its parents.  The git-whatchanged command internally runs
+with its parents (otherwise you should go back and read the tutorial).
+The git-whatchanged command internally runs
 the equivalent of the above command, and can be used like this:
 
 	$ git-whatchanged -p -S'if (frotz) {

Documentation/diff-options.txt

@@ -18,6 +18,14 @@
 	object name of pre- and post-image blob on the "index"
 	line when generating a patch format output.	
 
+--abbrev[=<n>]::
+	Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object
+	name in diff-raw format output and diff-tree header
+	lines, show only handful dhexigits prefix.  This is
+	independent of --full-index option above, which controls
+	the diff-patch output format.  Non default number of
+	digits can be specified with --abbrev=<n>.
+
 -B::
 	Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create.
 

Documentation/everyday.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+Everyday GIT With 20 Commands Or So
+===================================
+
+GIT suite has over 100 commands, and the manual page for each of
+them discusses what the command does and how it is used in
+detail, but until you know what command should be used in order
+to achieve what you want to do, you cannot tell which manual
+page to look at, and if you know that already you do not need
+the manual.
+
+Does that mean you need to know all of them before you can use
+git?  Not at all.  Depending on the role you play, the set of
+commands you need to know is slightly different, but in any case
+what you need to learn is far smaller than the full set of
+commands to carry out your day-to-day work.  This document is to
+serve as a cheat-sheet and a set of pointers for people playing
+various roles.
+
+<<Basic Repository>> commands are needed by people who has a
+repository --- that is everybody, because every working tree of
+git is a repository.
+
+In addition, <<Individual Developer (Standalone)>> commands are
+essential for anybody who makes a commit, even for somebody who
+works alone.
+
+If you work with other people, you will need commands listed in
+<<Individual Developer (Participant)>> section as well.
+
+People who play <<Integrator>> role need to learn some more
+commands in addition to the above.
+
+<<Repository Administration>> commands are for system
+administrators who are responsible to care and feed git
+repositories to support developers.
+
+
+Basic Repository[[Basic Repository]]
+------------------------------------
+
+Everybody uses these commands to feed and care git repositories.
+
+  * gitlink:git-init-db[1] or gitlink:git-clone[1] to create a
+    new repository.
+
+  * gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1] to validate the repository.
+
+  * gitlink:git-prune[1] to garbage collect crufts in the
+    repository.
+
+  * gitlink:git-repack[1] to pack loose objects for efficiency.
+
+Examples
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Check health and remove cruft.::
++
+------------
+$ git fsck-objects <1>
+$ git prune
+$ git count-objects <2>
+$ git repack <3>
+$ git prune <4>
+
+<1> running without "--full" is usually cheap and assures the
+repository health reasonably well.
+<2> check how many loose objects there are and how much
+diskspace is wasted by not repacking.
+<3> without "-a" repacks incrementally.  repacking every 4-5MB
+of loose objects accumulation may be a good rule of thumb.
+<4> after repack, prune removes the duplicate loose objects.
+------------
+
+Repack a small project into single pack.::
++
+------------
+$ git repack -a -d <1>
+$ git prune
+
+<1> pack all the objects reachable from the refs into one pack
+and remove unneeded other packs
+------------
+
+
+Individual Developer (Standalone)[[Individual Developer (Standalone)]]
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+A standalone individual developer does not exchange patches with
+other poeple, and works alone in a single repository, using the
+following commands.
+
+  * gitlink:git-show-branch[1] to see where you are.
+
+  * gitlink:git-log[1] to see what happened.
+
+  * gitlink:git-whatchanged[1] to find out where things have
+    come from.
+
+  * gitlink:git-checkout[1] and gitlink:git-branch[1] to switch
+    branches.
+
+  * gitlink:git-add[1] and gitlink:git-update-index[1] to manage
+    the index file.
+
+  * gitlink:git-diff[1] and gitlink:git-status[1] to see what
+    you are in the middle of doing.
+
+  * gitlink:git-commit[1] to advance the current branch.
+
+  * gitlink:git-reset[1] and gitlink:git-checkout[1] (with
+    pathname parameters) to undo changes.
+
+  * gitlink:git-pull[1] with "." as the remote to merge between
+    local branches.
+
+  * gitlink:git-rebase[1] to maintain topic branches.
+
+  * gitlink:git-tag[1] to mark known point.
+
+Examples
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Extract a tarball and create a working tree and a new repository to keep track of it.::
++
+------------
+$ tar zxf frotz.tar.gz
+$ cd frotz
+$ git-init-db
+$ git add . <1>
+$ git commit -m 'import of frotz source tree.'
+$ git tag v2.43 <2>
+
+<1> add everything under the current directory.
+<2> make a lightweight, unannotated tag.
+------------
+
+Create a topic branch and develop.::
++
+------------
+$ git checkout -b alsa-audio <1>
+$ edit/compile/test
+$ git checkout -- curses/ux_audio_oss.c <2>
+$ git add curses/ux_audio_alsa.c <3>
+$ edit/compile/test
+$ git diff <4>
+$ git commit -a -s <5>
+$ edit/compile/test
+$ git reset --soft HEAD^ <6>
+$ edit/compile/test
+$ git diff ORIG_HEAD <7>
+$ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD <8>
+$ git checkout master <9>
+$ git pull . alsa-audio <10>
+$ git log --since='3 days ago' <11>
+$ git log v2.43.. curses/ <12>
+
+<1> create a new topic branch.
+<2> revert your botched changes in "curses/ux_audio_oss.c".
+<3> you need to tell git if you added a new file; removal and
+modification will be caught if you do "commit -a" later.
+<4> to see what changes you are committing.
+<5> commit everything as you have tested, with your sign-off.
+<6> take the last commit back, keeping what is in the working tree.
+<7> look at the changes since the premature commit we took back.
+<8> redo the commit undone in the previous step, using the message
+you originally wrote.
+<9> switch to the master branch.
+<10> merge a topic branch into your master branch
+<11> review commit logs; other forms to limit output can be
+combined and include --max-count=10 (show 10 commits), --until='2005-12-10'.
+<12> view only the changes that touch what's in curses/
+directory, since v2.43 tag.
+------------
+
+
+Individual Developer (Participant)[[Individual Developer (Participant)]]
+------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+A developer working as a participant in a group project needs to
+learn how to communicate with others, and uses these commands in
+addition to the ones needed by a standalone developer.
+
+  * gitlink:git-clone[1] from the upstream to prime your local
+    repository.
+
+  * gitlink:git-pull[1] and gitlink:git-fetch[1] from "origin"
+    to keep up-to-date with the upstream.
+
+  * gitlink:git-push[1] to shared repository, if you adopt CVS
+    style shared repository workflow.
+
+  * gitlink:git-format-patch[1] to prepare e-mail submission, if
+    you adopt Linux kernel-style public forum workflow.
+
+Examples
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Clone the upstream and work on it.  Feed changes to upstream.::
++
+------------
+$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../torvalds/linux-2.6 my2.6
+$ cd my2.6
+$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a -s <1>
+$ git format-patch origin <2>
+$ git pull <3>
+$ git whatchanged -p ORIG_HEAD.. arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <4>
+$ git pull git://git.kernel.org/pub/.../jgarzik/libata-dev.git ALL <5>
+$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <6>
+$ git prune <7>
+$ git fetch --tags <8>
+
+<1> repeat as needed.
+<2> extract patches from your branch for e-mail submission.
+<3> "pull" fetches from "origin" by default and merges into the
+current branch.
+<4> immediately after pulling, look at the changes done upstream
+since last time we checked, only in the
+area we are interested in.
+<5> fetch from a specific branch from a specific repository and merge.
+<6> revert the pull.
+<7> garbage collect leftover objects from reverted pull.
+<8> from time to time, obtain official tags from the "origin"
+and store them under .git/refs/tags/.
+------------
+
+
+Push into another repository.::
++
+------------
+satellite$ git clone mothership:frotz/.git frotz <1>
+satellite$ cd frotz
+satellite$ cat .git/remotes/origin <2>
+URL: mothership:frotz/.git
+Pull: master:origin
+satellite$ echo 'Push: master:satellite' >>.git/remotes/origin <3>
+satellite$ edit/compile/test/commit
+satellite$ git push origin <4>
+
+mothership$ cd frotz
+mothership$ git checkout master
+mothership$ git pull . satellite <5>
+
+<1> mothership machine has a frotz repository under your home
+directory; clone from it to start a repository on the satellite
+machine.
+<2> clone creates this file by default.  It arranges "git pull"
+to fetch and store the master branch head of mothership machine
+to local "origin" branch.
+<3> arrange "git push" to push local "master" branch to
+"satellite" branch of the mothership machine.
+<4> push will stash our work away on "satellite" branch on the
+mothership machine.  You could use this as a back-up method.
+<5> on mothership machine, merge the work done on the satellite
+machine into the master branch.
+------------
+
+Branch off of a specific tag.::
++
+------------
+$ git checkout -b private2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1>
+$ edit/compile/test; git commit -a
+$ git checkout master
+$ git format-patch -k -m --stdout v2.6.14..private2.6.14 |
+  git am -3 -k <2>
+
+<1> create a private branch based on a well known (but somewhat behind)
+tag.
+<2> forward port all changes in private2.6.14 branch to master branch
+without a formal "merging".
+------------
+
+
+Integrator[[Integrator]]
+------------------------
+
+A fairly central person acting as the integrator in a group
+project receives changes made by others, reviews and integrates
+them and publishes the result for others to use, using these
+commands in addition to the ones needed by participants.
+
+  * gitlink:git-am[1] to apply patches e-mailed in from your
+    contributors.
+
+  * gitlink:git-pull[1] to merge from your trusted lieutenants.
+
+  * gitlink:git-format-patch[1] to prepare and send suggested
+    alternative to contributors.
+
+  * gitlink:git-revert[1] to undo botched commits.
+
+  * gitlink:git-push[1] to publish the bleeding edge.
+
+
+Examples
+~~~~~~~~
+
+My typical GIT day.::
++
+------------
+$ git status <1>
+$ git show-branch <2>
+$ mailx <3>
+& s 2 3 4 5 ./+to-apply
+& s 7 8 ./+hold-linus
+& q
+$ git checkout master
+$ git am -3 -i -s -u ./+to-apply <4>
+$ compile/test
+$ git checkout -b hold/linus && git am -3 -i -s -u ./+hold-linus <5>
+$ git checkout topic/one && git rebase master <6>
+$ git checkout pu && git reset --hard master <7>
+$ git pull . topic/one topic/two && git pull . hold/linus <8>
+$ git checkout maint
+$ git cherry-pick master~4 <9>
+$ compile/test
+$ git tag -s -m 'GIT 0.99.9x' v0.99.9x <10>
+$ git fetch ko && git show-branch master maint 'tags/ko-*' <11>
+$ git push ko <12>
+$ git push ko v0.99.9x <13>
+
+<1> see what I was in the middle of doing, if any.
+<2> see what topic branches I have and think about how ready
+they are.
+<3> read mails, save ones that are applicable, and save others
+that are not quite ready.
+<4> apply them, interactively, with my sign-offs.
+<5> create topic branch as needed and apply, again with my
+sign-offs. 
+<6> rebase internal topic branch that has not been merged to the
+master, nor exposed as a part of a stable branch.
+<7> restart "pu" every time from the master.
+<8> and bundle topic branches still cooking.
+<9> backport a critical fix.
+<10> create a signed tag.
+<11> make sure I did not accidentally rewind master beyond what I
+already pushed out.  "ko" shorthand points at the repository I have
+at kernel.org, and looks like this:
+    $ cat .git/remotes/ko
+    URL: kernel.org:/pub/scm/git/git.git
+    Pull: master:refs/tags/ko-master
+    Pull: maint:refs/tags/ko-maint
+    Push: master
+    Push: +pu
+    Push: maint
+In the output from "git show-branch", "master" should have
+everything "ko-master" has.
+<12> push out the bleeding edge.
+<13> push the tag out, too.
+------------
+
+
+Repository Administration[[Repository Administration]]
+------------------------------------------------------
+
+A repository administrator uses the following tools to set up
+and maintain access to the repository by developers.
+
+  * gitlink:git-daemon[1] to allow anonymous download from
+    repository.
+
+  * gitlink:git-shell[1] can be used as a 'restricted login shell'
+    for shared central repository users.
+
+link:howto/update-hook-example.txt[update hook howto] has a good
+example of managing a shared central repository.
+
+
+Examples
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Run git-daemon to serve /pub/scm from inetd.::
++
+------------
+$ grep git /etc/inet.conf
+git	stream	tcp	nowait	nobody \
+  /usr/bin/git-daemon git-daemon --inetd --syslog --export-all /pub/scm
+------------
++
+The actual configuration line should be on one line.
+
+Give push/pull only access to developers.::
++
+------------
+$ grep git /etc/passwd <1>
+alice:x:1000:1000::/home/alice:/usr/bin/git-shell
+bob:x:1001:1001::/home/bob:/usr/bin/git-shell
+cindy:x:1002:1002::/home/cindy:/usr/bin/git-shell
+david:x:1003:1003::/home/david:/usr/bin/git-shell
+$ grep git /etc/shells <2>
+/usr/bin/git-shell
+
+<1> log-in shell is set to /usr/bin/git-shell, which does not
+allow anything but "git push" and "git pull".  The users should
+get an ssh access to the machine.
+<2> in many distributions /etc/shells needs to list what is used
+as the login shell.
+------------
+
+CVS-style shared repository.::
++
+------------
+$ grep git /etc/group <1>
+git:x:9418:alice,bob,cindy,david
+$ cd /home/devo.git
+$ ls -l <2>
+  lrwxrwxrwx   1 david git    17 Dec  4 22:40 HEAD -> refs/heads/master
+  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 branches
+  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    84 Dec  4 22:40 config
+  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git    58 Dec  4 22:40 description
+  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 hooks
+  -rw-rw-r--   1 david git 37504 Dec  4 22:40 index
+  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 info
+  drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 objects
+  drwxrwsr-x   4 david git  4096 Nov  7 14:58 refs
+  drwxrwsr-x   2 david git  4096 Dec  4 22:40 remotes
+$ ls -l hooks/update <3>
+  -r-xr-xr-x   1 david git  3536 Dec  4 22:40 update
+$ cat info/allowed-users <4>
+refs/heads/master	alice\|cindy
+refs/heads/doc-update	bob
+refs/tags/v[0-9]*	david
+
+<1> place the developers into the same git group.
+<2> and make the shared repository writable by the group.
+<3> use update-hook example by Carl from Documentation/howto/
+for branch policy control.
+<4> alice and cindy can push into master, only bob can push into doc-update.
+david is the release manager and is the only person who can
+create and push version tags.
+------------
+
+HTTP server to support dumb protocol transfer.::
++
+------------
+dev$ git update-server-info <1>
+dev$ ftp user@isp.example.com <2>
+ftp> cp -r .git /home/user/myproject.git
+
+<1> make sure your info/refs and objects/info/packs are up-to-date
+<2> upload to public HTTP server hosted by your ISP.
+------------

Documentation/git-am.txt

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ OPTIONS
 	area to store extracted patches.
 
 --utf8, --keep::
-	Pass `--utf8` and `--keep` flags to `git-mailinfo` (see
+	Pass `-u` and `-k` flags to `git-mailinfo` (see
 	gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]).
 
 --binary::
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ recover from this in one of two ways:
 
 . hand resolve the conflict in the working directory, and update
   the index file to bring it in a state that the patch should
-  have produced.  Then run the command with '--resume' option.
+  have produced.  Then run the command with '--resolved' option.
 
 The command refuses to process new mailboxes while `.dotest`
 directory exists, so if you decide to start over from scratch,

Documentation/git-archimport.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ git-archimport - Import an Arch repository into git
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-`git-archimport` [ -h ] [ -v ] [ -T ] [ -t tempdir ] 
+`git-archimport` [ -h ] [ -v ] [ -o ] [ -a ] [ -f ] [ -T ]
+                 [ -D depth ] [ -t tempdir ] 
                  <archive/branch> [ <archive/branch> ]
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -63,6 +64,26 @@ OPTIONS
 	Many tags. Will create a tag for every commit, reflecting the commit 
 	name in the Arch repository.
 
+-f::
+	Use the fast patchset import strategy.  This can be significantly
+	faster for large trees, but cannot handle directory renames or
+	permissions changes.  The default strategy is slow and safe.
+
+-o::
+	Use this for compatibility with old-style branch names used by
+	earlier versions of git-archimport.  Old-style branch names
+	were category--branch, whereas new-style branch names are
+	archive,category--branch--version.
+
+-D <depth>::
+	Follow merge ancestry and attempt to import trees that have been
+	merged from.  Specify a depth greater than 1 if patch logs have been
+	pruned.
+
+-a::
+	Attempt to auto-register archives at http://mirrors.sourcecontrol.net
+	This is particularly useful with the -D option.
+
 -t <tmpdir>::
 	Override the default tempdir.
 

Documentation/git-bisect.txt

@@ -8,16 +8,21 @@ git-bisect - Find the change that introduced a bug
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
- 'git bisect' start
+'git bisect' <subcommand> <options> 
- 'git bisect' bad <rev>
- 'git bisect' good <rev>
- 'git bisect' reset [<branch>]
- 'git bisect' visualize
- 'git bisect' replay <logfile>
- 'git bisect' log
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
+The command takes various subcommands, and different options
+depending on the subcommand:
+
+ git bisect start [<paths>...]
+ git bisect bad <rev>
+ git bisect good <rev>
+ git bisect reset [<branch>]
+ git bisect visualize
+ git bisect replay <logfile>
+ git bisect log
+
 This command uses 'git-rev-list --bisect' option to help drive
 the binary search process to find which change introduced a bug,
 given an old "good" commit object name and a later "bad" commit
@@ -26,10 +31,10 @@ object name.
 The way you use it is:
 
 ------------------------------------------------
-git bisect start
+$ git bisect start
-git bisect bad			# Current version is bad
+$ git bisect bad			# Current version is bad
-git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2	# v2.6.13-rc2 was the last version
+$ git bisect good v2.6.13-rc2		# v2.6.13-rc2 was the last version
-				# tested that was good
+					# tested that was good
 ------------------------------------------------
 
 When you give at least one bad and one good versions, it will
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ and check out the state in the middle. Now, compile that kernel, and boot
 it. Now, let's say that this booted kernel works fine, then just do
 
 ------------------------------------------------
-git bisect good			# this one is good
+$ git bisect good			# this one is good
 ------------------------------------------------
 
 which will now say
@@ -62,7 +67,7 @@ kernel rev in "refs/bisect/bad".
 Oh, and then after you want to reset to the original head, do a
 
 ------------------------------------------------
-git bisect reset
+$ git bisect reset
 ------------------------------------------------
 
 to get back to the master branch, instead of being in one of the bisection
@@ -72,7 +77,9 @@ not using some old bisection branch).
 
 During the bisection process, you can say
 
-	git bisect visualize
+------------
+$ git bisect visualize
+------------
 
 to see the currently remaining suspects in `gitk`.
 
@@ -80,11 +87,40 @@ The good/bad input is logged, and `git bisect
 log` shows what you have done so far.  You can truncate its
 output somewhere and save it in a file, and run
 
-	git bisect replay that-file
+------------
+$ git bisect replay that-file
+------------
 
 if you find later you made a mistake telling good/bad about a
 revision.
 
+If in a middle of bisect session, you know what the bisect
+suggested to try next is not a good one to test (e.g. the change
+the commit introduces is known not to work in your environment
+and you know it does not have anything to do with the bug you
+are chasing), you may want to find a near-by commit and try that
+instead.  It goes something like this:
+
+------------
+$ git bisect good/bad			# previous round was good/bad.
+Bisecting: 337 revisions left to test after this
+$ git bisect visualize			# oops, that is uninteresting.
+$ git reset --hard HEAD~3		# try 3 revs before what
+					# was suggested
+------------
+
+Then compile and test the one you chose to try.  After that,
+tell bisect what the result was as usual.
+
+You can further cut down the number of trials if you know what
+part of the tree is involved in the problem you are tracking
+down, by giving paths parameters when you say `bisect start`,
+like this:
+
+------------
+$ git bisect start arch/i386 include/asm-i386
+------------
+
 
 Author
 ------

Documentation/git-branch.txt

@@ -32,6 +32,32 @@ start-point::
 	Where to create the branch; defaults to HEAD. This
 	option has no meaning with -d and -D.
 
+
+Examples
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Start development off of a know tag::
++
+------------
+$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux-2.6 my2.6
+$ cd my2.6
+$ git branch my2.6.14 v2.6.14 <1>
+$ git checkout my2.6.14
+
+<1> These two steps are the same as "checkout -b my2.6.14 v2.6.14".
+------------
+
+Delete unneeded branch::
++
+------------
+$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/.../git.git my.git
+$ cd my.git
+$ git branch -D todo <1>
+
+<1> delete todo branch even if the "master" branch does not have all
+commits from todo branch.
+------------
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>

Documentation/git-check-ref-format.txt

@@ -26,13 +26,15 @@ imposes the following rules on how refs are named:
 
 . It cannot have ASCII control character (i.e. bytes whose
   values are lower than \040, or \177 `DEL`), space, tilde `~`,
-  caret `{caret}`, or colon `:` anywhere;
+  caret `{caret}`, colon `:`, question-mark `?`, asterisk `*`,
+  or open bracket `[` anywhere;
 
 . It cannot end with a slash `/`.
 
 These rules makes it easy for shell script based tools to parse
-refnames, and also avoids ambiguities in certain refname
+refnames, pathname expansion by the shell when a refname is used
-expressions (see gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]).  Namely:
+unquoted (by mistake), and also avoids ambiguities in certain
+refname expressions (see gitlink:git-rev-parse[1]).  Namely:
 
 . double-dot `..` are often used as in `ref1..ref2`, and in some
   context this notation means `{caret}ref1 ref2` (i.e. not in

Documentation/git-checkout-index.txt

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ git-checkout-index - Copy files from the index to the working directory
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
 'git-checkout-index' [-u] [-q] [-a] [-f] [-n] [--prefix=<string>]
-	           [--] <file>...
+	[--stage=<number>] [--] <file>...
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -40,58 +40,80 @@ OPTIONS
 	When creating files, prepend <string> (usually a directory
 	including a trailing /)
 
+--stage=<number>::
+	Instead of checking out unmerged entries, copy out the
+	files from named stage.  <number> must be between 1 and 3.
+
 --::
 	Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
 
 The order of the flags used to matter, but not anymore.
 
-Just doing "git-checkout-index" does nothing. You probably meant
+Just doing `git-checkout-index` does nothing. You probably meant
-"git-checkout-index -a". And if you want to force it, you want
+`git-checkout-index -a`. And if you want to force it, you want
-"git-checkout-index -f -a".
+`git-checkout-index -f -a`.
 
 Intuitiveness is not the goal here. Repeatability is. The reason for
-the "no arguments means no work" thing is that from scripts you are
+the "no arguments means no work" behavior is that from scripts you are
-supposed to be able to do things like:
+supposed to be able to do:
 
-	find . -name '*.h' -print0 | xargs -0 git-checkout-index -f --
+----------------
+$ find . -name '*.h' -print0 | xargs -0 git-checkout-index -f --
+----------------
 
 which will force all existing `*.h` files to be replaced with their
 cached copies. If an empty command line implied "all", then this would
 force-refresh everything in the index, which was not the point.
 
-To update and refresh only the files already checked out:
+The `--` is just a good idea when you know the rest will be filenames;
+it will prevent problems with a filename of, for example,  `-a`.
+Using `--` is probably a good policy in scripts.
 
-        git-checkout-index -n -f -a && git-update-index --ignore-missing --refresh
 
-Oh, and the "--" is just a good idea when you know the rest will be
+EXAMPLES
-filenames. Just so that you wouldn't have a filename of "-a" causing
+--------
-problems (not possible in the above example, but get used to it in
+To update and refresh only the files already checked out::
-scripting!).
++
+----------------
+$ git-checkout-index -n -f -a && git-update-index --ignore-missing --refresh
+----------------
 
-The prefix ability basically makes it trivial to use
+Using `git-checkout-index` to "export an entire tree"::
-git-checkout-index as an "export as tree" function. Just read the
+	The prefix ability basically makes it trivial to use
-desired tree into the index, and do a
+	`git-checkout-index` as an "export as tree" function.
-
+	Just read the desired tree into the index, and do:
-        git-checkout-index --prefix=git-export-dir/ -a
++
-
+----------------
-and git-checkout-index will "export" the index into the specified
+$ git-checkout-index --prefix=git-export-dir/ -a
+----------------
++
+`git-checkout-index` will "export" the index into the specified
 directory.
++
+The final "/" is important. The exported name is literally just
+prefixed with the specified string.  Contrast this with the
+following example.
 
-NOTE The final "/" is important. The exported name is literally just
+Export files with a prefix::
-prefixed with the specified string, so you can also do something like
++
+----------------
+$ git-checkout-index --prefix=.merged- Makefile
+----------------
++
+This will check out the currently cached copy of `Makefile`
+into the file `.merged-Makefile`.
 
-    git-checkout-index --prefix=.merged- Makefile
-
-to check out the currently cached copy of `Makefile` into the file
-`.merged-Makefile`
 
 Author
 ------
 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
 
+
 Documentation
 --------------
-Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
+Documentation by David Greaves,
+Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
+
 
 GIT
 ---

Documentation/git-checkout.txt

@@ -50,10 +50,14 @@ the `Makefile` to two revisions back, deletes hello.c by
 mistake, and gets it back from the index.
 
 ------------
-$ git checkout master
+$ git checkout master <1>
-$ git checkout master~2 Makefile
+$ git checkout master~2 Makefile <2>
 $ rm -f hello.c
-$ git checkout hello.c
+$ git checkout hello.c <3>
+
+<1> switch branch
+<2> take out a file out of other commit
+<3> or "git checkout -- hello.c", as in the next example.
 ------------
 
 If you have an unfortunate branch that is named `hello.c`, the

Documentation/git-cherry-pick.txt

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-cherry-pick - Apply the change introduced by an existing commit.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-cherry-pick' [-n] [-r] <commit>
+'git-cherry-pick' [--edit] [-n] [-r] <commit>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -20,15 +20,19 @@ OPTIONS
 <commit>::
 	Commit to cherry-pick.
 
--r::
+-e|--edit::
+	With this option, `git-cherry-pick` will let you edit the commit
+	message prior committing.
+
+-r|--replay::
 	Usually the command appends which commit was
 	cherry-picked after the original commit message when
 	making a commit.  This option, '--replay', causes it to
 	use the original commit message intact.  This is useful
 	when you are reordering the patches in your private tree
-	before publishing, and is used by 'git rebase'.
+	before publishing.
 
--n::
+-n|--no-commit::
 	Usually the command automatically creates a commit with
 	a commit log message stating which commit was
 	cherry-picked.  This flag applies the change necessary

Documentation/git-clone-pack.txt

@@ -43,7 +43,11 @@ OPTIONS
 	The heads to update.  This is relative to $GIT_DIR
 	(e.g. "HEAD", "refs/heads/master").  When unspecified,
 	all heads are updated to match the remote repository.
-
++
+Usually all the refs from existing repository are stored
+under the same name in the new repository.  Giving explicit
+<head> arguments instead writes the object names and refs to
+the standard output, just like get-fetch-pack does.
 
 Author
 ------

Documentation/git-clone.txt

@@ -74,10 +74,31 @@ OPTIONS
 	for "host.xz:foo/.git").  Cloning into an existing directory
 	is not allowed.
 
+Examples
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Clone from upstream::
++
+------------
+$ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/.../linux-2.6 my2.6
+$ cd my2.6
+$ make
+------------
+
+
+Make a local clone that borrows from the current directory, without checking things out::
++
+------------
+$ git clone -l -s -n . ../copy
+$ cd copy
+$ git show-branch
+------------
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
 
+
 Documentation
 --------------
 Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.

Documentation/git-commit.txt

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-commit - Record your changes
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-commit' [-a] [-s] [-v] [(-c | -C) <commit> | -F <file> | -m <msg>] [-e] <file>...
+'git-commit' [-a] [-s] [-v] [(-c | -C) <commit> | -F <file> | -m <msg>] [-e] [--] <file>...
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ information.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
--a::
+-a|--all::
 	Update all paths in the index file.
 
 -c or -C <commit>::
@@ -39,27 +39,37 @@ OPTIONS
 -m <msg>::
 	Use the given <msg> as the commit message.
 
--s::
+-s|--signoff::
 	Add Signed-off-by line at the end of the commit message.
 
--v::
+-v|--verify::
 	Look for suspicious lines the commit introduces, and
 	abort committing if there is one.  The definition of
 	'suspicious lines' is currently the lines that has
 	trailing whitespaces, and the lines whose indentation
 	has a SP character immediately followed by a TAB
-	character.
+	character.  This is the default.
 
--e::
+-n|--no-verify::
+	The opposite of `--verify`.
+
+-e|--edit::
 	The message taken from file with `-F`, command line with
 	`-m`, and from file with `-C` are usually used as the
 	commit log message unmodified.  This option lets you
 	further edit the message taken from these sources.
 
+--::
+	Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
+
 <file>...::
 	Update specified paths in the index file before committing.
 
 
+If you make a commit and then found a mistake immediately after
+that, you can recover from it with gitlink:git-reset[1].
+
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> and

Documentation/git-cvsexportcommit.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-cvsexportcommit - Export a commit to a CVS checkout
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-git-cvsapplycommmit.perl 
+git-cvsexportcommmit.perl 
                         [ -h ] [ -v ] [ -c ] [ -p ] [PARENTCOMMIT] COMMITID 
 
 

Documentation/git-cvsimport.txt

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ the old cvs2git tool.
 +
 If you need to pass multiple options, separate them with a comma.
 
--P:: <cvsps-output-file>
+-P <cvsps-output-file>::
 	Instead of calling cvsps, read the provided cvsps output file. Useful
 	for debugging or when cvsps is being handled outside cvsimport.
 

Documentation/git-diff.txt

@@ -17,14 +17,16 @@ ent and the index file, or the index file and the working tree.
 The combination of what is compared with what is determined by
 the number of ents given to the command.
 
-`----------------`--------`-----------------------------`------------------
+* When no <ent> is given, the working tree and the index
-Number of ents    Options  What's Compared               Underlying command
+  file is compared, using `git-diff-files`.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
-0                 -        index file and working tree   git-diff-files
+* When one <ent> is given, the working tree and the named
-1                 --cached ent and index file            git-diff-index
+  tree is compared, using `git-diff-index`.  The option
-1                 -        ent and working tree          git-diff-index
+  `--cached` can be given to compare the index file and
-2                 -        two ents                      git-diff-tree
+  the named tree.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+* When two <ent>s are given, these two trees are compared
+  using `git-diff-tree`.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
@@ -38,6 +40,68 @@ OPTIONS
 	commands.
 
 
+EXAMPLES
+--------
+
+Various ways to check your working tree::
++
+------------
+$ git diff <1>
+$ git diff --cached <2>
+$ git diff HEAD <3>
+
+<1> changes in the working tree since your last git-update-index.
+<2> changes between the index and your last commit; what you
+would be committing if you run "git commit" without "-a" option.
+<3> changes in the working tree since your last commit; what you
+would be committing if you run "git commit -a"
+------------
+
+Comparing with arbitrary commits::
++
+------------
+$ git diff test <1>
+$ git diff HEAD -- ./test <2>
+$ git diff HEAD^ HEAD <3>
+
+<1> instead of using the tip of the current branch, compare with the
+tip of "test" branch.
+<2> instead of comparing with the tip of "test" branch, compare with
+the tip of the curren branch, but limit the comparison to the
+file "test".
+<3> compare the version before the last commit and the last commit.
+------------
+
+
+Limiting the diff output::
++
+------------
+$ git diff --diff-filter=MRC <1>
+$ git diff --name-status -r <2>
+$ git diff arch/i386 include/asm-i386 <3>
+
+<1> show only modification, rename and copy, but not addition
+nor deletion.
+<2> show only names and the nature of change, but not actual
+diff output.  --name-status disables usual patch generation
+which in turn also disables recursive behaviour, so without -r
+you would only see the directory name if there is a change in a
+file in a subdirectory.
+<3> limit diff output to named subtrees.
+------------
+
+Munging the diff output::
++
+------------
+$ git diff --find-copies-harder -B -C <1>
+$ git diff -R <2>
+
+<1> spend extra cycles to find renames, copies and complete
+rewrites (very expensive).
+<2> output diff in reverse.
+------------
+
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Documentation/git-fetch-pack.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-fetch-pack - Receive missing objects from another repository.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-git-fetch-pack [-q] [--exec=<git-upload-pack>] [<host>:]<directory> [<refs>...]
+git-fetch-pack [-q] [-k] [--exec=<git-upload-pack>] [<host>:]<directory> [<refs>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -29,6 +29,11 @@ OPTIONS
 	Pass '-q' flag to 'git-unpack-objects'; this makes the
 	cloning process less verbose.
 
+-k::
+	Do not invoke 'git-unpack-objects' on received data, but
+	create a single packfile out of it instead, and store it
+	in the object database.
+
 --exec=<git-upload-pack>::
 	Use this to specify the path to 'git-upload-pack' on the
 	remote side, if is not found on your $PATH.

Documentation/git-fetch.txt

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ the objects necessary to complete them.
 
 The ref names and their object names of fetched refs are stored
 in `.git/FETCH_HEAD`.  This information is left for a later merge
-operation done by "git resolve" or "git octopus".
+operation done by "git merge".
 
 
 OPTIONS

Documentation/git-format-patch.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-format-patch - Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-format-patch' [-n][-o <dir>|--stdout][-k][--mbox][--diff-options] <his> [<mine>]
+'git-format-patch' [-n | -k] [-o <dir> | --stdout] [-s] [-c] [--mbox] [--diff-options] <his> [<mine>]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -32,23 +32,34 @@ processing with applymbox.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
--o <dir>::
+-o|--output-directory <dir>::
 	Use <dir> to store the resulting files, instead of the
 	current working directory.
 
--n::
+-n|--numbered::
 	Name output in '[PATCH n/m]' format.
 
--k::
+-k|--keep-subject::
 	Do not strip/add '[PATCH]' from the first line of the
 	commit log message.
 
---author, --date::
+-a|--author, -d|--date::
 	Output From: and Date: headers for commits made by
 	yourself as well.  Usually these are output only for
 	commits made by people other than yourself.
 
---mbox::
+-s|--signoff::
+	Add `Signed-off-by:` line to the commit message, using
+	the committer identity of yourself.
+
+-c|--check::
+        Display suspicious lines in the patch.  The definition
+        of 'suspicious lines' is currently the lines that has
+        trailing whitespaces, and the lines whose indentation
+        has a SP character immediately followed by a TAB
+        character.
+
+-m|--mbox::
 	Format the output files for closer to mbox format by
 	adding a phony Unix "From " line, so they can be
 	concatenated together and fed to `git-applymbox`.
@@ -73,6 +84,15 @@ git-format-patch origin::
 	pulled from origin the last time in a patch form for
 	e-mail submission.
 
+git-format-patch -M -B origin::
+	The same as the previous one, except detect and handle
+	renames and complete rewrites intelligently to produce
+	renaming patch.  A renaming patch reduces the amount of
+	text output, and generally makes it easier to review
+	it.  Note that the "patch" program does not understand
+	renaming patch well, so use it only when you know the
+	recipient uses git to apply your patch.
+
 
 See Also
 --------

Documentation/git-hash-object.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-hash-object - Computes object ID and optionally creates a blob from a file.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] <any-file-on-the-filesystem>
+'git-hash-object' [-t <type>] [-w] [--stdin] [--] <file>...
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@ OPTIONS
 -w::
 	Actually write the object into the object database.
 
+--stdin::
+	Read the object from standard input instead of from a file.
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>

Documentation/git-http-fetch.txt

@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@ DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP.
 
+OPTIONS
+-------
+commit-id::
+        Either the hash or the filename under [URL]/refs/ to
+        pull.
+
 -c::
 	Get the commit objects.
 -t::

Documentation/git-init-db.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,14 @@ git-init-db - Creates an empty git repository
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-init-db'
+'git-init-db' [--template=<template_directory>]
+
+
+OPTIONS
+-------
+--template=<template_directory>::
+	Provide the directory in from which templates will be used.
+
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -16,14 +23,29 @@ This simply creates an empty git repository - basically a `.git` directory
 and `.git/object/??/`, `.git/refs/heads` and `.git/refs/tags` directories,
 and links `.git/HEAD` symbolically to `.git/refs/heads/master`.
 
-If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it specifies a path
+If the `$GIT_DIR` environment variable is set then it specifies a path
 to use instead of `./.git` for the base of the repository.
 
-If the object storage directory is specified via the 'GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY'
+If the object storage directory is specified via the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY`
 environment variable then the sha1 directories are created underneath -
 otherwise the default `$GIT_DIR/objects` directory is used.
 
-"git-init-db" won't hurt an existing repository.
+`git-init-db` won't hurt an existing repository.
+
+
+EXAMPLES
+--------
+
+Start a new git repository for an existing code base::
++
+----------------
+$ cd /path/to/my/codebase
+$ git-init-db <1>
+$ git-add . <2>
+
+<1> prepare /path/to/my/codebase/.git directory
+<2> add all existing file to the index
+----------------
 
 
 Author

Documentation/git-ls-remote.txt

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Displays the references other repository has.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
---heads --tags::
+-h|--heads, -t|--tags::
 	Limit to only refs/heads and refs/tags, respectively.
 	These options are _not_ mutually exclusive; when given
 	both, references stored in refs/heads and refs/tags are

Documentation/git-ls-tree.txt

@@ -8,12 +8,15 @@ git-ls-tree - Lists the contents of a tree object.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-ls-tree' [-d] [-r] [-z] <tree-ish> [paths...]
+'git-ls-tree' [-d] [-r] [-t] [-z] [--name-only] [--name-status] <tree-ish> [paths...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Lists the contents of a tree object, like what "/bin/ls -a" does
+Lists the contents of a given tree object, like what "/bin/ls -a" does
-in the current working directory.
+in the current working directory. Note that the usage is subtly different,
+though - 'paths' denote just a list of patterns to match, e.g. so specifying
+directory name (without '-r') will behave differently, and order of the
+arguments does not matter.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
@@ -21,36 +24,48 @@ OPTIONS
 	Id of a tree-ish.
 
 -d::
-	show only the named tree entry itself, not its children
+	Show only the named tree entry itself, not its children.
 
 -r::
-	recurse into sub-trees
+	Recurse into sub-trees.
+
+-t::
+	Show tree entries even when going to recurse them. Has no effect
+	if '-r' was not passed. '-d' implies '-t'.
 
 -z::
-	\0 line termination on output
+	\0 line termination on output.
+
+--name-only::
+--name-status::
+	List only filenames (instead of the "long" output), one per line.
 
 paths::
-	When paths are given, show them.  Otherwise implicitly
+	When paths are given, show them (note that this isn't really raw
-	uses the root level of the tree as the sole path argument.
+	pathnames, but rather a list of patterns to match).  Otherwise
+	implicitly uses the root level of the tree as the sole path argument.
 
 
 Output Format
 -------------
         <mode> SP <type> SP <object> TAB <file>
 
-When `-z` option is not used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters
+When the `-z` option is not used, TAB, LF, and backslash characters
-in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`,
+in pathnames are represented as `\t`, `\n`, and `\\`, respectively.
-respectively.
 
 
 Author
 ------
-Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
+Written by Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz>
-Completely rewritten from scratch by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
+Completely rewritten from scratch by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>,
+another major rewrite by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
 
 Documentation
 --------------
-Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
+Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list
+<git@vger.kernel.org>.
+
+This manual page is a stub. You can help the git documentation by expanding it.
 
 GIT
 ---

Documentation/git-mailsplit.txt

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-mailsplit - Totally braindamaged mbox splitter program.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-mailsplit' [-d<prec>] [<mbox>] <directory>
+'git-mailsplit' [-b] [-f<nn>] [-d<prec>] -o<directory> [--] [<mbox>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -23,11 +23,18 @@ OPTIONS
 <directory>::
 	Directory in which to place the individual messages.
 
+-b::
+	If any file doesn't begin with a From line, assume it is a
+	single mail message instead of signalling error.
+
 -d<prec>::
 	Instead of the default 4 digits with leading zeros,
 	different precision can be specified for the generated
 	filenames.
 
+-f<nn>::
+	Skip the first <nn> numbers, for example if -f3 is specified,
+	start the numbering with 0004.
 
 Author
 ------

Documentation/git-merge-index.txt

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ files are passed as arguments 5, 6 and 7.
 OPTIONS
 -------
 --::
-	Interpret all following arguments as filenames.
+	Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
 
 -a::
 	Run merge against all files in the index that need merging.

Documentation/git-merge.txt

@@ -37,6 +37,11 @@ include::merge-options.txt[]
 include::merge-strategies.txt[]
 
 
+If you tried a merge which resulted in a complex conflicts and
+would want to start over, you can recover with
+gitlink:git-reset[1].
+
+
 HOW MERGE WORKS
 ---------------
 

Documentation/git-mv.txt

@@ -8,12 +8,15 @@ git-mv - Script used to move or rename a file, directory or symlink.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
- 'git-mv' [-f] [-n] <source> <destination>
+'git-mv' <options>... <args>...
- 'git-mv' [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 This script is used to move or rename a file, directory or symlink.
+
+ git-mv [-f] [-n] <source> <destination>
+ git-mv [-f] [-n] [-k] <source> ... <destination directory>
+
 In the first form, it renames <source>, which must exist and be either
 a file, symlink or directory, to <destination>.
 In the second form, the last argument has to be an existing

Documentation/git-octopus.txt

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-git-octopus(1)
-==============
-
-NAME
-----
-git-octopus - Merge more than two commits.
-
-
-SYNOPSIS
---------
-'git-octopus'
-
-DESCRIPTION
------------
-After running 'git fetch', $GIT_DIR/FETCH_HEAD contains the
-following information, one line per remote ref:
-
-------------------------------------------------
-<object name>	<ref name> from <repository>
-------------------------------------------------
-
-Using this information, create and commit an Octopus merge on
-top of the current HEAD.
-
-
-Author
-------
-Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
-
-
-Documentation
---------------
-Documentation by Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
-
-GIT
----
-Part of the gitlink:git[7] suite
-

Documentation/git-pack-objects.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-pack-objects - Create a packed archive of objects.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-pack-objects' [--local] [--incremental] [--window=N] [--depth=N] {--stdout | base-name} < object-list
+'git-pack-objects' [--non-empty] [--local] [--incremental] [--window=N] [--depth=N] {--stdout | base-name} < object-list
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -70,6 +70,10 @@ base-name::
 	that are packed and not in the local object store
 	(i.e. borrowed from an alternate).
 
+--non-empty::
+        Only create a packed archive if it would contain at
+        least one object.
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Documentation/git-prune-packed.txt

@@ -9,19 +9,22 @@ residing in a pack file.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-prune-packed'
+'git-prune-packed' [-n]
+
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-This program search the GIT_OBJECT_DIR for all objects that currently exist in
+This program search the `$GIT_OBJECT_DIR` for all objects that currently
-a pack file as well as the independent object directories.
+exist in a pack file as well as the independent object directories.
 
 All such extra objects are removed.
 
 A pack is a collection of objects, individually compressed, with delta
 compression applied, stored in a single file, with an associated index file.
 
-Packs are used to reduce the load on mirror systems, backup engines, disk storage, etc.
+Packs are used to reduce the load on mirror systems, backup engines,
+disk storage, etc.
+
 
 OPTIONS
 -------

Documentation/git-prune.txt

@@ -8,15 +8,16 @@ git-prune - Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-prune' [-n]
+'git-prune' [-n] [--] [<head>...]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 
-This runs `git-fsck-objects --unreachable` using the heads
+This runs `git-fsck-objects --unreachable` using all the refs
-specified on the command line (or `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/\*` and
+available in `$GIT_DIR/refs`, optionally with additional set of
-`$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/\*` if none is specified), and prunes all
+objects specified on the command line, and prunes all
-unreachable objects from the object database.  In addition, it
+objects unreachable from any of these head objects from the object database.
+In addition, it
 prunes the unpacked objects that are also found in packs by
 running `git prune-packed`.
 
@@ -27,6 +28,24 @@ OPTIONS
 	Do not remove anything; just report what it would
 	remove.
 
+--::
+	Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
+
+<head>...::
+	In addition to objects
+	reachable from any of our references, keep objects
+	reachable from listed <head>s.
+
+EXAMPLE
+-------
+
+To prune objects not used by your repository nor another that
+borrows from your repository via its
+`.git/objects/info/alternates`:
+
+------------
+$ git prune $(cd ../another && $(git-rev-parse --all))
+------------
 
 Author
 ------

Documentation/git-pull.txt

@@ -104,6 +104,11 @@ merge the remote `origin` head into the current,
 local `master` branch.
 
 
+If you tried a pull which resulted in a complex conflicts and
+would want to start over, you can recover with
+gitlink:git-reset[1].
+
+
 SEE ALSO
 --------
 gitlink:git-fetch[1], gitlink:git-merge[1]

Documentation/git-push.txt

@@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ DESCRIPTION
 Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects
 necessary to complete the given refs.
 
+You can make "interesting" things to happen on the repository
+every time you push into it, by setting up 'hooks' there.  See
+documentation for gitlink:git-receive-pack[1].
+
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
@@ -31,6 +35,7 @@ include::pull-fetch-param.txt[]
 	This flag disables the check.  What this means is that the
 	local repository can lose commits; use it with care.
 
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>

Documentation/git-read-tree.txt

@@ -8,22 +8,22 @@ git-read-tree - Reads tree information into the index
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-read-tree' (<tree-ish> | [-m [-u|-i]] <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])
+'git-read-tree' (<tree-ish> | [[-m | --reset] [-u | -i]] <tree-ish1> [<tree-ish2> [<tree-ish3>]])
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 Reads the tree information given by <tree-ish> into the index,
 but does not actually *update* any of the files it "caches". (see:
-git-checkout-index)
+gitlink:git-checkout-index[1])
 
 Optionally, it can merge a tree into the index, perform a
-fast-forward (i.e. 2-way) merge, or a 3-way merge, with the -m
+fast-forward (i.e. 2-way) merge, or a 3-way merge, with the `-m`
-flag.  When used with -m, the -u flag causes it to also update
+flag.  When used with `-m`, the `-u` flag causes it to also update
 the files in the work tree with the result of the merge.
 
-Trivial merges are done by "git-read-tree" itself.  Only conflicting paths
+Trivial merges are done by `git-read-tree` itself.  Only conflicting paths
-will be in unmerged state when "git-read-tree" returns.
+will be in unmerged state when `git-read-tree` returns.
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ OPTIONS
 
 Merging
 -------
-If '-m' is specified, "git-read-tree" can perform 3 kinds of
+If `-m` is specified, `git-read-tree` can perform 3 kinds of
 merge, a single tree merge if only 1 tree is given, a
 fast-forward merge with 2 trees, or a 3-way merge if 3 trees are
 provided.
@@ -65,23 +65,23 @@ provided.
 Single Tree Merge
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 If only 1 tree is specified, git-read-tree operates as if the user did not
-specify '-m', except that if the original index has an entry for a
+specify `-m`, except that if the original index has an entry for a
 given pathname, and the contents of the path matches with the tree
 being read, the stat info from the index is used. (In other words, the
 index's stat()s take precedence over the merged tree's).
 
-That means that if you do a "git-read-tree -m <newtree>" followed by a
+That means that if you do a `git-read-tree -m <newtree>` followed by a
-"git-checkout-index -f -u -a", the "git-checkout-index" only checks out
+`git-checkout-index -f -u -a`, the `git-checkout-index` only checks out
 the stuff that really changed.
 
-This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when "git-diff-files" is
+This is used to avoid unnecessary false hits when `git-diff-files` is
-run after git-read-tree.
+run after `git-read-tree`.
 
 
 Two Tree Merge
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-Typically, this is invoked as "git-read-tree -m $H $M", where $H
+Typically, this is invoked as `git-read-tree -m $H $M`, where $H
 is the head commit of the current repository, and $M is the head
 of a foreign tree, which is simply ahead of $H (i.e. we are in a
 fast forward situation).
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ the following:
 
      2. The user wants to fast-forward to $M.
 
-In this case, the "git-read-tree -m $H $M" command makes sure
+In this case, the `git-read-tree -m $H $M` command makes sure
 that no local change is lost as the result of this "merge".
 Here are the "carry forward" rules:
 
@@ -141,13 +141,13 @@ operating under the -u flag.
 
 When this form of git-read-tree returns successfully, you can
 see what "local changes" you made are carried forward by running
-"git-diff-index --cached $M".  Note that this does not
+`git-diff-index --cached $M`.  Note that this does not
-necessarily match "git-diff-index --cached $H" would have
+necessarily match `git-diff-index --cached $H` would have
 produced before such a two tree merge.  This is because of cases
 18 and 19 --- if you already had the changes in $M (e.g. maybe
-you picked it up via e-mail in a patch form), "git-diff-index
+you picked it up via e-mail in a patch form), `git-diff-index
---cached $H" would have told you about the change before this
+--cached $H` would have told you about the change before this
-merge, but it would not show in "git-diff-index --cached $M"
+merge, but it would not show in `git-diff-index --cached $M`
 output after two-tree merge.
 
 
@@ -156,31 +156,39 @@ output after two-tree merge.
 Each "index" entry has two bits worth of "stage" state. stage 0 is the
 normal one, and is the only one you'd see in any kind of normal use.
 
-However, when you do "git-read-tree" with three trees, the "stage"
+However, when you do `git-read-tree` with three trees, the "stage"
 starts out at 1.
 
 This means that you can do
 
-	git-read-tree -m <tree1> <tree2> <tree3>
+----------------
+$ git-read-tree -m <tree1> <tree2> <tree3>
+----------------
 
 and you will end up with an index with all of the <tree1> entries in
 "stage1", all of the <tree2> entries in "stage2" and all of the
-<tree3> entries in "stage3".
+<tree3> entries in "stage3".  When performing a merge of another
+branch into the current branch, we use the common ancestor tree
+as <tree1>, the current branch head as <tree2>, and the other
+branch head as <tree3>.
 
-Furthermore, "git-read-tree" has special-case logic that says: if you see
+Furthermore, `git-read-tree` has special-case logic that says: if you see
 a file that matches in all respects in the following states, it
 "collapses" back to "stage0":
 
    - stage 2 and 3 are the same; take one or the other (it makes no
-     difference - the same work has been done on stage 2 and 3)
+     difference - the same work has been done on our branch in
+     stage 2 and their branch in stage 3)
 
    - stage 1 and stage 2 are the same and stage 3 is different; take
-     stage 3 (some work has been done on stage 3)
+     stage 3 (our branch in stage 2 did not do anything since the
+     ancestor in stage 1 while their branch in stage 3 worked on
+     it)
 
    - stage 1 and stage 3 are the same and stage 2 is different take
-     stage 2 (some work has been done on stage 2)
+     stage 2 (we did something while they did nothing)
 
-The "git-write-tree" command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it
+The `git-write-tree` command refuses to write a nonsensical tree, and it
 will complain about unmerged entries if it sees a single entry that is not
 stage 0.
 
@@ -220,12 +228,10 @@ populated.  Here is an outline of how the algorithm works:
     matching "stage1" entry if it exists too.  .. all the normal
     trivial rules ..
 
-You would normally use "git-merge-index" with supplied
+You would normally use `git-merge-index` with supplied
-"git-merge-one-file" to do this last step.  The script
+`git-merge-one-file` to do this last step.  The script updates
-does not touch the files in the work tree, and the entire merge
+the files in the working tree as it merges each path and at the
-happens in the index file.  In other words, there is no need to
+end of a successful merge.
-worry about what is in the working directory, since it is never
-shown and never used.
 
 When you start a 3-way merge with an index file that is already
 populated, it is assumed that it represents the state of the
@@ -236,33 +242,54 @@ merge refuses to run if it finds an entry in the original index
 file that does not match stage 2.
 
 This is done to prevent you from losing your work-in-progress
-changes.  To illustrate, suppose you start from what has been
+changes, and mixing your random changes in an unrelated merge
+commit.  To illustrate, suppose you start from what has been
 commited last to your repository:
 
-    $ JC=`git-rev-parse --verify "HEAD^0"`
+----------------
-    $ git-checkout-index -f -u -a $JC
+$ JC=`git-rev-parse --verify "HEAD^0"`
+$ git-checkout-index -f -u -a $JC
+----------------
 
 You do random edits, without running git-update-index.  And then
 you notice that the tip of your "upstream" tree has advanced
 since you pulled from him:
 
-    $ git-fetch rsync://.... linus
+----------------
-    $ LT=`cat .git/MERGE_HEAD`
+$ git-fetch git://.... linus
+$ LT=`cat .git/FETCH_HEAD`
+----------------
 
 Your work tree is still based on your HEAD ($JC), but you have
 some edits since.  Three-way merge makes sure that you have not
 added or modified index entries since $JC, and if you haven't,
 then does the right thing.  So with the following sequence:
 
-    $ git-read-tree -m -u `git-merge-base $JC $LT` $JC $LT
+----------------
-    $ git-merge-index git-merge-one-file -a
+$ git-read-tree -m -u `git-merge-base $JC $LT` $JC $LT
-    $ echo "Merge with Linus" | \
+$ git-merge-index git-merge-one-file -a
-      git-commit-tree `git-write-tree` -p $JC -p $LT
+$ echo "Merge with Linus" | \
+  git-commit-tree `git-write-tree` -p $JC -p $LT
+----------------
 
-what you would commit is a pure merge between $JC and LT without
+what you would commit is a pure merge between $JC and $LT without
 your work-in-progress changes, and your work tree would be
 updated to the result of the merge.
 
+However, if you have local changes in the working tree that
+would be overwritten by this merge,`git-read-tree` will refuse
+to run to prevent your changes from being lost.
+
+In other words, there is no need to worry about what exists only
+in the working tree.  When you have local changes in a part of
+the project that is not involved in the merge, your changes do
+not interfere with the merge, and are kept intact.  When they
+*do* interfere, the merge does not even start (`git-read-tree`
+complains loudly and fails without modifying anything).  In such
+a case, you can simply continue doing what you were in the
+middle of doing, and when your working tree is ready (i.e. you
+have finished your work-in-progress), attempt the merge again.
+
 
 See Also
 --------

Documentation/git-receive-pack.txt

@@ -71,6 +71,10 @@ packed and is served via a dumb transport.
 	#!/bin/sh
 	exec git-update-server-info
 
+There are other real-world examples of using update and
+post-update hooks found in the Documentation/howto directory.
+
+
 OPTIONS
 -------
 <directory>::

Documentation/git-repack.txt

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ objects into pack files.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-repack' [-a] [-d]
+'git-repack' [-a] [-d] [-l] [-n]
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -39,6 +39,13 @@ OPTIONS
 	After packing, if the newly created packs make some
 	existing packs redundant, remove the redundant packs.
 
+-l::
+        Pass the `--local` option to `git pack-objects`, see
+        gitlink:git-pack-objects[1].
+
+-n::
+        Do not update the server information with
+        `git update-server-info`.
 
 Author
 ------

Documentation/git-reset.txt

@@ -42,6 +42,109 @@ OPTIONS
 <commit-ish>::
 	Commit to make the current HEAD.
 
+Examples
+~~~~~~~~
+
+Undo a commit and redo::
++
+------------
+$ git commit ...
+$ git reset --soft HEAD^ <1>
+$ edit <2>
+$ git commit -a -c ORIG_HEAD <3>
+
+<1> This is most often done when you remembered what you
+just committed is incomplete, or you misspelled your commit
+message, or both.  Leaves working tree as it was before "reset".
+<2> make corrections to working tree files.
+<3> "reset" copies the old head to .git/ORIG_HEAD; redo the
+commit by starting with its log message.  If you do not need to
+edit the message further, you can give -C option instead.
+------------
+
+Undo commits permanently::
++
+------------
+$ git commit ...
+$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <1>
+
+<1> The last three commits (HEAD, HEAD^, and HEAD~2) were bad
+and you do not want to ever see them again.  Do *not* do this if
+you have already given these commits to somebody else.
+------------
+
+Undo a commit, making it a topic branch::
++
+------------
+$ git branch topic/wip <1>
+$ git reset --hard HEAD~3 <2>
+$ git checkout topic/wip <3>
+
+<1> You have made some commits, but realize they were premature
+to be in the "master" branch.  You want to continue polishing
+them in a topic branch, so create "topic/wip" branch off of the
+current HEAD.
+<2> Rewind the master branch to get rid of those three commits.
+<3> Switch to "topic/wip" branch and keep working.
+------------
+
+Undo update-index::
++
+------------
+$ edit <1>
+$ git-update-index frotz.c filfre.c
+$ mailx <2>
+$ git reset <3>
+$ git pull git://info.example.com/ nitfol <4>
+
+<1> you are happily working on something, and find the changes
+in these files are in good order.  You do not want to see them
+when you run "git diff", because you plan to work on other files
+and changes with these files are distracting.
+<2> somebody asks you to pull, and the changes sounds worthy of merging.
+<3> however, you already dirtied the index (i.e. your index does
+not match the HEAD commit).  But you know the pull you are going
+to make does not affect frotz.c nor filfre.c, so you revert the
+index changes for these two files.  Your changes in working tree
+remain there.
+<4> then you can pull and merge, leaving frotz.c and filfre.c
+changes still in the working tree.
+------------
+
+Undo a merge or pull::
++
+------------
+$ git pull <1>
+Trying really trivial in-index merge...
+fatal: Merge requires file-level merging
+Nope.
+...
+Auto-merging nitfol
+CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in nitfol
+Automatic merge failed/prevented; fix up by hand
+$ git reset --hard <2>
+
+<1> try to update from the upstream resulted in a lot of
+conflicts; you were not ready to spend a lot of time merging
+right now, so you decide to do that later.
+<2> "pull" has not made merge commit, so "git reset --hard"
+which is a synonym for "git reset --hard HEAD" clears the mess
+from the index file and the working tree.
+
+$ git pull . topic/branch <3>
+Updating from 41223... to 13134...
+Fast forward
+$ git reset --hard ORIG_HEAD <4>
+
+<3> merge a topic branch into the current branch, which resulted
+in a fast forward.
+<4> but you decided that the topic branch is not ready for public
+consumption yet.  "pull" or "merge" always leaves the original
+tip of the current branch in ORIG_HEAD, so resetting hard to it
+brings your index file and the working tree back to that state,
+and resets the tip of the branch to that commit.
+------------
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Documentation/git-revert.txt

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ git-revert - Revert an existing commit.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-revert' [-n] <commit>
+'git-revert' [--edit | --no-edit] [-n] <commit>
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
@@ -20,7 +20,16 @@ OPTIONS
 <commit>::
 	Commit to revert.
 
--n::
+-e|--edit::
+	With this option, `git-revert` will let you edit the commit
+	message prior committing the revert. This is the default if
+	you run the command from a terminal.
+
+--no-edit::
+	With this option, `git-revert` will not start the commit
+	message editor.
+
+-n|--no-commit::
 	Usually the command automatically creates a commit with
 	a commit log message stating which commit was reverted.
 	This flag applies the change necessary to revert the

Documentation/git-show-branch.txt

@@ -7,23 +7,40 @@ git-show-branch - Show branches and their commits.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-show-branch [--all] [--heads] [--tags] [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base] [--no-name | --sha1-name] <reference>...'
+'git-show-branch [--all] [--heads] [--tags] [--topo-order] [--more=<n> | --list | --independent | --merge-base] [--no-name | --sha1-name] [<rev> | <glob>]...'
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-Shows the head commits from the named <reference> (or all refs under
+
-$GIT_DIR/refs/heads), and displays concise list of commit logs
+Shows the commit ancestry graph starting from the commits named
-to show their relationship semi-visually.
+with <rev>s or <globs>s (or all refs under $GIT_DIR/refs/heads
+and/or $GIT_DIR/refs/tags) semi-visually.
+
+It cannot show more than 29 branches and commits at a time.
+
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
-<reference>::
+<rev>::
-	Name of the reference under $GIT_DIR/refs/.
+	Arbitrary extended SHA1 expression (see `git-rev-parse`)
+	that typically names a branch HEAD or a tag.
+
+<glob>::
+	A glob pattern that matches branch or tag names under
+	$GIT_DIR/refs.  For example, if you have many topic
+	branches under $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/topic, giving
+	`topic/*` would show all of them.
 
 --all --heads --tags::
 	Show all refs under $GIT_DIR/refs, $GIT_DIR/refs/heads,
 	and $GIT_DIR/refs/tags, respectively.
 
+--topo-order::
+        By default, the branches and their commits are shown in
+        reverse chronological order.  This option makes them
+        appear in topological order (i.e., descendant commits
+        are shown before their parents).
+
 --more=<n>::
 	Usually the command stops output upon showing the commit
 	that is the common ancestor of all the branches.  This

Documentation/git-tag.txt

@@ -10,26 +10,6 @@ SYNOPSIS
 --------
 'git-tag' [-a | -s | -u <key-id>] [-f | -d] [-m <msg>] <name> [<head>]
 
-OPTIONS
--------
--a::
-	Make an unsigned, annotated tag object
-
--s::
-	Make a GPG-signed tag, using the default e-mail address's key
-
--u <key-id>::
-	Make a GPG-signed tag, using the given key
-
--f::
-	Replace an existing tag with the given name (instead of failing)
-
--d::
-	Delete an existing tag with the given name
-
--m <msg>::
-	Use the given tag message (instead of prompting)
-
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 Adds a 'tag' reference in .git/refs/tags/
@@ -52,6 +32,26 @@ GnuPG key for signing.
 
 `-d <tag>` deletes the tag.
 
+OPTIONS
+-------
+-a::
+	Make an unsigned, annotated tag object
+
+-s::
+	Make a GPG-signed tag, using the default e-mail address's key
+
+-u <key-id>::
+	Make a GPG-signed tag, using the given key
+
+-f::
+	Replace an existing tag with the given name (instead of failing)
+
+-d::
+	Delete an existing tag with the given name
+
+-m <msg>::
+	Use the given tag message (instead of prompting)
+
 
 Author
 ------

Documentation/git-update-index.txt

@@ -123,7 +123,9 @@ merging.
 
 To pretend you have a file with mode and sha1 at path, say:
 
-   $ git-update-index --cacheinfo mode sha1 path
+----------------
+$ git-update-index --cacheinfo mode sha1 path
+----------------
 
 '--info-only' is used to register files without placing them in the object
 database.  This is useful for status-only repositories.
@@ -134,11 +136,70 @@ in the database but the file isn't available locally.  '--info-only' is
 useful when the file is available, but you do not wish to update the
 object database.
 
+
+Using --index-info
+------------------
+
+`--index-info` is a more powerful mechanism that lets you feed
+multiple entry definitions from the standard input, and designed
+specifically for scripts.  It can take inputs of three formats:
+
+    . mode         SP sha1          TAB path
++
+The first format is what "git-apply --index-info"
+reports, and used to reconstruct a partial tree
+that is used for phony merge base tree when falling
+back on 3-way merge.
+
+    . mode SP type SP sha1          TAB path
++
+The second format is to stuff git-ls-tree output
+into the index file.
+
+    . mode         SP sha1 SP stage TAB path
++
+This format is to put higher order stages into the
+index file and matches git-ls-files --stage output.
+
+To place a higher stage entry to the index, the path should
+first be removed by feeding a mode=0 entry for the path, and
+then feeding necessary input lines in the third format.
+
+For example, starting with this index:
+
+------------
+$ git ls-files -s
+100644 8a1218a1024a212bb3db30becd860315f9f3ac52 0       frotz
+------------
+
+you can feed the following input to `--index-info`:
+
+------------
+$ git update-index --index-info
+0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000	frotz
+100644 8a1218a1024a212bb3db30becd860315f9f3ac52 1	frotz
+100755 8a1218a1024a212bb3db30becd860315f9f3ac52 2	frotz
+------------
+
+The first line of the input feeds 0 as the mode to remove the
+path; the SHA1 does not matter as long as it is well formatted.
+Then the second and third line feeds stage 1 and stage 2 entries
+for that path.  After the above, we would end up with this:
+
+------------
+$ git ls-files -s
+100644 8a1218a1024a212bb3db30becd860315f9f3ac52 1	frotz
+100755 8a1218a1024a212bb3db30becd860315f9f3ac52 2	frotz
+------------
+
+
 Examples
 --------
 To update and refresh only the files already checked out:
 
-   git-checkout-index -n -f -a && git-update-index --ignore-missing --refresh
+----------------
+$ git-checkout-index -n -f -a && git-update-index --ignore-missing --refresh
+----------------
 
 
 Configuration
@@ -146,12 +207,18 @@ Configuration
 
 The command honors `core.filemode` configuration variable.  If
 your repository is on an filesystem whose executable bits are
-unreliable, this should be set to 'false'.  This causes the
+unreliable, this should be set to 'false' (see gitlink:git-repo-config[1]).
-command to ignore differences in file modes recorded in the
+This causes the command to ignore differences in file modes recorded
-index and the file mode on the filesystem if they differ only on
+in the index and the file mode on the filesystem if they differ only on
 executable bit.   On such an unfortunate filesystem, you may
 need to use `git-update-index --chmod=`.
 
+
+See Also
+--------
+gitlink:git-repo-config[1]
+
+
 Author
 ------
 Written by Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>

Documentation/git-update-server-info.txt

@@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ SYNOPSIS
 
 DESCRIPTION
 -----------
-A dumb server that does not do on-the-fly pack generations can
+A dumb server that does not do on-the-fly pack generations must
 have some auxiliary information files in $GIT_DIR/info and
 $GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY/info directories to help clients discover
-what references and packs the server has and make optimized
+what references and packs the server has.  This command
-pull decisions.  This command generates such auxiliary files.
+generates such auxiliary files.
 
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
 
---force::
+-f|--force::
 	Update the info files from scratch.
 
 

Documentation/git-verify-pack.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ git-verify-pack - Validate packed git archive files.
 
 SYNOPSIS
 --------
-'git-verify-pack' [-v] <pack>.idx ...
+'git-verify-pack' [-v] [--] <pack>.idx ...
 
 
 DESCRIPTION
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ OPTIONS
 -v::
 	After verifying the pack, show list of objects contained
 	in the pack.
+--::
+	Do not interpret any more arguments as options.
 
 OUTPUT FORMAT
 -------------

Documentation/git-write-tree.txt

@@ -14,19 +14,21 @@ DESCRIPTION
 -----------
 Creates a tree object using the current index.
 
-The index must be merged.
+The index must be in a fully merged state.
 
-Conceptually, "git-write-tree" sync()s the current index contents
+Conceptually, `git-write-tree` sync()s the current index contents
 into a set of tree files.
 In order to have that match what is actually in your directory right
-now, you need to have done a "git-update-index" phase before you did the
+now, you need to have done a `git-update-index` phase before you did the
-"git-write-tree".
+`git-write-tree`.
+
 
 OPTIONS
 -------
 --missing-ok::
-	Normally "git-write-tree" ensures that the objects referenced by the
+	Normally `git-write-tree` ensures that the objects referenced by the
-	directory exist in the object database.  This option disables this check.
+	directory exist in the object database.  This option disables this
+	check.
 
 Author
 ------

Documentation/git.txt

@@ -33,34 +33,45 @@ OPTIONS
 	environment variable. If no path is given 'git' will print
 	the current setting and then exit.
 
-CORE GIT COMMANDS
------------------
-Before reading this cover to cover, you may want to take a look
-at the link:tutorial.html[tutorial] document.
 
-The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful definition and
+NOT LEARNING CORE GIT COMMANDS
-clarification info - read that first.  And of the commands, I suggest
+------------------------------
-reading gitlink:git-update-index[1] and
-gitlink:git-read-tree[1] first - I wish I had!
 
-If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs migration]
+This manual is intended to give complete background information
-document may be helpful after you finish the tutorial.
+and internal workings of git, which may be too much for most
+people.  The <<Discussion>> section below contains much useful
+definition and clarification - read that first.
+
+If you are interested in using git to manage (version control)
+projects, use link:everyday.html[Everyday GIT] as a guide to the
+minimum set of commands you need to know for day-to-day work.
+Most likely, that will get you started, and you can go a long
+way without knowing the low level details too much.
+
+The link:tutorial.html[tutorial] document covers how things
+internally work.
+
+If you are migrating from CVS, link:cvs-migration.html[cvs
+migration] document may be helpful after you finish the
+tutorial.
 
 After you get the general feel from the tutorial and this
 overview page, you may want to take a look at the
 link:howto-index.html[howto] documents.
 
 
-David Greaves <david@dgreaves.com>
+CORE GIT COMMANDS
-08/05/05
+-----------------
+
+If you are writing your own Porcelain, you need to be familiar
+with most of the low level commands --- I suggest starting from
+gitlink:git-update-index[1] and gitlink:git-read-tree[1].
 
-Updated by Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> on 2005-05-05 to
-reflect recent changes.
 
 Commands Overview
 -----------------
 The git commands can helpfully be split into those that manipulate
-the repository, the index and the working fileset, those that
+the repository, the index and the files in the working tree, those that
 interrogate and compare them, and those that moves objects and
 references between repositories.
 
@@ -79,25 +90,26 @@ gitlink:git-apply[1]::
 	applies it to the working tree.
 
 gitlink:git-checkout-index[1]::
-	Copy files from the index to the working directory
+	Copy files from the index to the working tree.
 
 gitlink:git-commit-tree[1]::
-	Creates a new commit object
+	Creates a new commit object.
 
 gitlink:git-hash-object[1]::
 	Computes the object ID from a file.
 
 gitlink:git-index-pack[1]::
-	Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.
+	Build pack idx file for an existing packed archive.
 
 gitlink:git-init-db[1]::
-	Creates an empty git object database
+	Creates an empty git object database, or reinitialize an
+	existing one.
 
 gitlink:git-merge-index[1]::
-	Runs a merge for files needing merging
+	Runs a merge for files needing merging.
 
 gitlink:git-mktag[1]::
-	Creates a tag object
+	Creates a tag object.
 
 gitlink:git-pack-objects[1]::
 	Creates a packed archive of objects.
@@ -106,7 +118,7 @@ gitlink:git-prune-packed[1]::
 	Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.
 
 gitlink:git-read-tree[1]::
-	Reads tree information into the directory index
+	Reads tree information into the index.
 
 gitlink:git-repo-config[1]::
 	Get and set options in .git/config.
@@ -115,65 +127,68 @@ gitlink:git-unpack-objects[1]::
 	Unpacks objects out of a packed archive.
 
 gitlink:git-update-index[1]::
-	Modifies the index or directory cache
+	Registers files in the working tree to the index.
 
 gitlink:git-write-tree[1]::
-	Creates a tree from the current index
+	Creates a tree from the index.
 
 
 Interrogation commands
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 gitlink:git-cat-file[1]::
-	Provide content or type information for repository objects
+	Provide content or type/size information for repository objects.
 
 gitlink:git-diff-index[1]::
-	Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository
+	Compares content and mode of blobs between the index and repository.
 
 gitlink:git-diff-files[1]::
-	Compares files in the working tree and the index
+	Compares files in the working tree and the index.
 
 gitlink:git-diff-stages[1]::
-	Compares two "merge stages" in the index file.
+	Compares two "merge stages" in the index.
 
 gitlink:git-diff-tree[1]::
-	Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects
+	Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects.
 
 gitlink:git-fsck-objects[1]::
-	Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database
+	Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database.
 
 gitlink:git-ls-files[1]::
-	Information about files in the index/working directory
+	Information about files in the index and the working tree.
 
 gitlink:git-ls-tree[1]::
-	Displays a tree object in human readable form
+	Displays a tree object in human readable form.
 
 gitlink:git-merge-base[1]::
-	Finds as good a common ancestor as possible for a merge
+	Finds as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.
 
 gitlink:git-name-rev[1]::
-	Find symbolic names for given revs
+	Find symbolic names for given revs.
+
+gitlink:git-pack-redundant[1]::
+	Find redundant pack files.
 
 gitlink:git-rev-list[1]::
-	Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order
+	Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.
 
 gitlink:git-show-index[1]::
 	Displays contents of a pack idx file.
 
 gitlink:git-tar-tree[1]::
-	Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree
+	Creates a tar archive of the files in the named tree object.
 
 gitlink:git-unpack-file[1]::
-	Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents
+	Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents.
 
 gitlink:git-var[1]::
-	Displays a git logical variable
+	Displays a git logical variable.
 
 gitlink:git-verify-pack[1]::
-	Validates packed git archive files
+	Validates packed git archive files.
 
-The interrogate commands may create files - and you can force them to
+In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
-touch the working file set - but in general they don't
+the working tree.
 
 
 Synching repositories
@@ -181,19 +196,24 @@ Synching repositories
 
 gitlink:git-clone-pack[1]::
 	Clones a repository into the current repository (engine
-	for ssh and local transport)
+	for ssh and local transport).
 
 gitlink:git-fetch-pack[1]::
-	Updates from a remote repository.
+	Updates from a remote repository (engine for ssh and
+	local transport).
 
 gitlink:git-http-fetch[1]::
-	Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP
+	Downloads a remote git repository via HTTP by walking
+	commit chain.
 
 gitlink:git-local-fetch[1]::
-	Duplicates another git repository on a local system
+	Duplicates another git repository on a local system by
+	walking commit chain.
 
 gitlink:git-peek-remote[1]::
-	Lists references on a remote repository using upload-pack protocol.
+	Lists references on a remote repository using
+	upload-pack protocol (engine for ssh and local
+	transport).
 
 gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
 	Invoked by 'git-send-pack' to receive what is pushed to it.
@@ -201,14 +221,18 @@ gitlink:git-receive-pack[1]::
 gitlink:git-send-pack[1]::
 	Pushes to a remote repository, intelligently.
 
+gitlink:git-http-push[1]::
+	Push missing objects using HTTP/DAV.
+
 gitlink:git-shell[1]::
 	Restricted shell for GIT-only SSH access.
 
 gitlink:git-ssh-fetch[1]::
-	Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection
+	Pulls from a remote repository over ssh connection by
+	walking commit chain.
 
 gitlink:git-ssh-upload[1]::
-	Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch
+	Helper "server-side" program used by git-ssh-fetch.
 
 gitlink:git-update-server-info[1]::
 	Updates auxiliary information on a dumb server to help
@@ -223,16 +247,16 @@ Porcelain-ish Commands
 ----------------------
 
 gitlink:git-add[1]::
-	Add paths to the index file.
+	Add paths to the index.
 
 gitlink:git-am[1]::
 	Apply patches from a mailbox, but cooler.
 
 gitlink:git-applymbox[1]::
-	Apply patches from a mailbox.
+	Apply patches from a mailbox, original version by Linus.
 
 gitlink:git-bisect[1]::
-	Find the change that introduced a bug.
+	Find the change that introduced a bug by binary search.
 
 gitlink:git-branch[1]::
 	Create and Show branches.
@@ -259,7 +283,7 @@ gitlink:git-format-patch[1]::
 	Prepare patches for e-mail submission.
 
 gitlink:git-grep[1]::
-	Print lines matching a pattern
+	Print lines matching a pattern.
 
 gitlink:git-log[1]::
 	Shows commit logs.
@@ -273,9 +297,6 @@ gitlink:git-merge[1]::
 gitlink:git-mv[1]::
 	Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.
 
-gitlink:git-octopus[1]::
-	Merge more than two commits.
-
 gitlink:git-pull[1]::
 	Fetch from and merge with a remote repository.
 
@@ -283,7 +304,7 @@ gitlink:git-push[1]::
 	Update remote refs along with associated objects.
 
 gitlink:git-rebase[1]::
-	Rebase local commits to new upstream head.
+	Rebase local commits to the updated upstream head.
 
 gitlink:git-repack[1]::
 	Pack unpacked objects in a repository.
@@ -324,19 +345,22 @@ gitlink:git-archimport[1]::
 	Import an arch repository into git.
 
 gitlink:git-convert-objects[1]::
-	Converts old-style git repository
+	Converts old-style git repository.
 
 gitlink:git-cvsimport[1]::
 	Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.
 
+gitlink:git-cvsexportcommit[1]::
+	Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.
+
 gitlink:git-lost-found[1]::
 	Recover lost refs that luckily have not yet been pruned.
 
 gitlink:git-merge-one-file[1]::
-	The standard helper program to use with "git-merge-index"
+	The standard helper program to use with `git-merge-index`.
 
 gitlink:git-prune[1]::
-	Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database
+	Prunes all unreachable objects from the object database.
 
 gitlink:git-relink[1]::
 	Hardlink common objects in local repositories.
@@ -348,10 +372,10 @@ gitlink:git-sh-setup[1]::
 	Common git shell script setup code.
 
 gitlink:git-symbolic-ref[1]::
-	Read and modify symbolic refs
+	Read and modify symbolic refs.
 
 gitlink:git-tag[1]::
-	An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG
+	An example script to create a tag object signed with GPG.
 
 gitlink:git-update-ref[1]::
 	Update the object name stored in a ref safely.
@@ -375,16 +399,19 @@ gitlink:git-get-tar-commit-id[1]::
 	Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-tar-tree.
 
 gitlink:git-mailinfo[1]::
-	Extracts patch from a single e-mail message.
+	Extracts patch and authorship information from a single
+	e-mail message, optionally transliterating the commit
+	message into utf-8.
 
 gitlink:git-mailsplit[1]::
-	git-mailsplit.
+	A stupid program to split UNIX mbox format mailbox into
+	individual pieces of e-mail.
 
 gitlink:git-patch-id[1]::
 	Compute unique ID for a patch.
 
 gitlink:git-parse-remote[1]::
-	Routines to help parsing $GIT_DIR/remotes/
+	Routines to help parsing `$GIT_DIR/remotes/` files.
 
 gitlink:git-request-pull[1]::
 	git-request-pull.
@@ -406,22 +433,20 @@ Commands not yet documented
 ---------------------------
 
 gitlink:gitk[1]::
-	gitk.
+	The gitk repository browser.
 
 
 Configuration Mechanism
 -----------------------
 
-Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), .git/config file
+Starting from 0.99.9 (actually mid 0.99.8.GIT), `.git/config` file
 is used to hold per-repository configuration options.  It is a
 simple text file modelled after `.ini` format familiar to some
 people.  Here is an example:
 
 ------------
 #
-# This is the config file, and
+# A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
-# a '#' or ';' character indicates
-# a comment
 #
 
 ; core variables
@@ -443,30 +468,30 @@ their operation accordingly.
 Identifier Terminology
 ----------------------
 <object>::
-	Indicates the sha1 identifier for any type of object
+	Indicates the object name for any type of object.
 
 <blob>::
-	Indicates a blob object sha1 identifier
+	Indicates a blob object name.
 
 <tree>::
-	Indicates a tree object sha1 identifier
+	Indicates a tree object name.
 
 <commit>::
-	Indicates a commit object sha1 identifier
+	Indicates a commit object name.
 
 <tree-ish>::
-	Indicates a tree, commit or tag object sha1 identifier.  A
+	Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name.  A
 	command that takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to
 	operate on a <tree> object but automatically dereferences
 	<commit> and <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.
 
 <type>::
 	Indicates that an object type is required.
-	Currently one of: blob/tree/commit/tag
+	Currently one of: `blob`, `tree`, `commit`, or `tag`.
 
 <file>::
-	Indicates a filename - always relative to the root of
+	Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the
-	the tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.
+	root of the tree structure `GIT_INDEX_FILE` describes.
 
 Symbolic Identifiers
 --------------------
@@ -474,17 +499,20 @@ Any git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
 symbolic notation:
 
 HEAD::
-	indicates the head of the repository (ie the contents of
+	indicates the head of the current branch (i.e. the
-	`$GIT_DIR/HEAD`)
+	contents of `$GIT_DIR/HEAD`).
+
 <tag>::
-	a valid tag 'name'+
+	a valid tag 'name'
-	(ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`)
+	(i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/<tag>`).
+
 <head>::
-	a valid head 'name'+
+	a valid head 'name'
-	(ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`)
+	(i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/<head>`).
+
 <snap>::
-	a valid snapshot 'name'+
+	a valid snapshot 'name'
-	(ie the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/snap/<snap>`)
+	(i.e. the contents of `$GIT_DIR/refs/snap/<snap>`).
 
 
 File/Directory Structure
@@ -493,7 +521,7 @@ File/Directory Structure
 Please see link:repository-layout.html[repository layout] document.
 
 Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information in the
-GIT_DIR.
+`$GIT_DIR`.
 
 
 Terminology
@@ -509,7 +537,7 @@ The git Repository
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 These environment variables apply to 'all' core git commands. Nb: it
 is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS sitting above
-git so take care if using Cogito etc
+git so take care if using Cogito etc.
 
 'GIT_INDEX_FILE'::
 	This environment allows the specification of an alternate
@@ -530,9 +558,9 @@ git so take care if using Cogito etc
 	written to these directories.
 
 'GIT_DIR'::
-	If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it specifies
+	If the 'GIT_DIR' environment variable is set then it
-	a path to use instead of `./.git` for the base of the
+	specifies a path to use instead of the default `.git`
-	repository.
+	for the base of the repository.
 
 git Commits
 ~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -558,14 +586,16 @@ include::../README[]
 
 Authors
 -------
-	git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
+* git's founding father is Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>.
-	The current git nurse is Junio C. Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
+* The current git nurse is Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>.
-	The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
+* The git potty was written by Andres Ericsson <ae@op5.se>.
-	General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
+* General upbringing is handled by the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
 
 Documentation
 --------------
-Documentation by David Greaves, Junio C Hamano and the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
+The documentation for git suite was started by David Greaves
+<david@dgreaves.com>, and later enhanced greatly by the
+contributors on the git-list <git@vger.kernel.org>.
 
 GIT
 ---

Documentation/glossary.txt

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ hash::
 
 object database::
 	Stores a set of "objects", and an individial object is identified
-	by its object name. The object usually live in $GIT_DIR/objects/.
+	by its object name. The objects usually live in `$GIT_DIR/objects/`.
 
 blob object::
 	Untyped object, e.g. the contents of a file.
@@ -109,15 +109,15 @@ head::
 branch::
 	A non-cyclical graph of revisions, i.e. the complete history of
 	a particular revision, which is called the branch head. The
-	branch heads are stored in $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/.
+	branch heads are stored in `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/`.
 
 ref::
 	A 40-byte hex representation of a SHA1 pointing to a particular
-	object. These may be stored in $GIT_DIR/refs/.
+	object. These may be stored in `$GIT_DIR/refs/`.
 
 head ref::
 	A ref pointing to a head. Often, this is abbreviated to "head".
-	Head refs are stored in $GIT_DIR/refs/heads/.
+	Head refs are stored in `$GIT_DIR/refs/heads/`.
 
 tree-ish::
 	A ref pointing to either a commit object, a tree object, or a
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ tree-ish::
 
 ent::
 	Favorite synonym to "tree-ish" by some total geeks. See
-	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent_(Middle-earth) for an in-depth
+	`http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ent_(Middle-earth)` for an in-depth
 	explanation.
 
 tag object::
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ tag object::
 tag::
 	A ref pointing to a tag or commit object. In contrast to a head,
 	a tag is not changed by a commit. Tags (not tag objects) are
-	stored in $GIT_DIR/refs/tags/. A git tag has nothing to do with
+	stored in `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags/`. A git tag has nothing to do with
 	a Lisp tag (which is called object type in git's context).
 	A tag is most typically used to mark a particular point in the
 	commit ancestry chain.

Documentation/hooks.txt

@@ -111,6 +111,10 @@ Another use suggested on the mailing list is to use this hook to
 implement access control which is finer grained than the one
 based on filesystem group.
 
+The standard output of this hook is sent to /dev/null; if you
+want to report something to the git-send-pack on the other end,
+you can redirect your output to your stderr.
+
 post-update
 -----------
 
@@ -125,3 +129,7 @@ the outcome of `git-receive-pack`.
 The default post-update hook, when enabled, runs
 `git-update-server-info` to keep the information used by dumb
 transport up-to-date.
+
+The standard output of this hook is sent to /dev/null; if you
+want to report something to the git-send-pack on the other end,
+you can redirect your output to your stderr.

Documentation/howto/rebuild-from-update-hook.txt

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ The pages under http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/
 are built from Documentation/ directory of the git.git project
 and needed to be kept up-to-date.  The www.kernel.org/ servers
 are mirrored and I was told that the origin of the mirror is on
-the machine master.kernel.org, on which I was given an account
+the machine $some.kernel.org, on which I was given an account
 when I took over git maintainership from Linus.
 
 The directories relevant to this how-to are these two:
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ like this:
     EOF
     $ chmod +x /pub/scm/git/git.git/hooks/post-update
 
-There are three things worth mentioning:
+There are four things worth mentioning:
 
  - The update-hook is run after the repository accepts a "git
    push", under my user privilege.  It is given the full names
@@ -77,6 +77,10 @@ There are three things worth mentioning:
    pull" it does into $HOME/doc-git/docgen/ repository would not
    work correctly.
 
+ - The stdout of update hook script is not connected to git
+   push; I run the heavy part of the command inside "at", to
+   receive the execution report via e-mail.
+
  - This is still crude and does not protect against simultaneous
    make invocations stomping on each other.  I would need to add
    some locking mechanism for this.

Documentation/howto/update-hook-example.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-From: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
+From: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net> and Carl Baldwin <cnb@fc.hp.com>
 Subject: control access to branches.
 Date: Thu, 17 Nov 2005 23:55:32 -0800
 Message-ID: <7vfypumlu3.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net>
@@ -26,63 +26,137 @@ section of the documentation:
 So if your policy is (1) always require fast-forward push
 (i.e. never allow "git-push repo +branch:branch"), (2) you
 have a list of users allowed to update each branch, and (3) you
-do not let tags to be overwritten, then:
+do not let tags to be overwritten, then you can use something
+like this as your hooks/update script.
 
-	#!/bin/sh
+[jc: editorial note.  This is a much improved version by Carl
-	# This is a sample hooks/update script, written by JC
+since I posted the original outline]
-        # in his e-mail buffer, so naturally it is not tested
-        # but hopefully would convey the idea.
 
-	umask 002
+-- >8 -- beginning of script -- >8 --
-        case "$1" in
-        refs/tags/*)
-		# No overwriting an existing tag
-        	if test -f "$GIT_DIR/$1"
-                then
-                	exit 1
-		fi
-		;;
-	refs/heads/*)
-        	# No rebasing or rewinding
-                if expr "$2" : '0*$' >/dev/null
-                then
-                	# creating a new branch
-			;
-		else
-                	# updating -- make sure it is a fast forward
-        		mb=`git-merge-base "$2" "$3"`
-			case "$mb,$2" in
-                        "$2,$mb")
-                        	;; # fast forward -- happy
-			*)
-                        	exit 1 ;; # unhappy
-			esac
-		fi
-		;;
-	*)
-		# No funny refs allowed
-		exit 1
-		;;
-	esac
 
-	# Is the user allowed to update it?
+#!/bin/bash
-	me=`id -u -n` ;# e.g. "junio"
-	while read head_pattern users
-        do
-		if expr "$1" : "$head_pattern" >/dev/null
-		then
-			case " $users " in
-			*" $me "*)
-                        	exit 0 ;; # happy
-			' * ')
-                        	exit 0 ;; # anybody
-			esac
-		fi
-	done
-	exit 1
 
-For the sake of simplicity, I assumed that you keep something
+umask 002
-like this in $GIT_DIR/info/allowed-pushers file:
+
+# If you are having trouble with this access control hook script
+# you can try setting this to true.  It will tell you exactly
+# why a user is being allowed/denied access.
+
+verbose=false
+
+# Default shell globbing messes things up downstream
+GLOBIGNORE=*
+
+function grant {
+  $verbose && echo >&2 "-Grant-		$1"
+  echo grant
+  exit 0
+}
+
+function deny {
+  $verbose && echo >&2 "-Deny-		$1"
+  echo deny
+  exit 1
+}
+
+function info {
+  $verbose && echo >&2 "-Info-		$1"
+}
+
+# Implement generic branch and tag policies.
+# - Tags should not be updated once created.
+# - Branches should only be fast-forwarded.
+case "$1" in
+  refs/tags/*)
+    [ -f "$GIT_DIR/$1" ] &&
+    deny >/dev/null "You can't overwrite an existing tag"
+    ;;
+  refs/heads/*)
+    # No rebasing or rewinding
+    if expr "$2" : '0*$' >/dev/null; then
+      info "The branch '$1' is new..."
+    else
+      # updating -- make sure it is a fast forward
+      mb=$(git-merge-base "$2" "$3")
+      case "$mb,$2" in
+        "$2,$mb") info "Update is fast-forward" ;;
+        *)        deny >/dev/null  "This is not a fast-forward update." ;;
+      esac
+    fi
+    ;;
+  *)
+    deny >/dev/null \
+    "Branch is not under refs/heads or refs/tags.  What are you trying to do?"
+    ;;
+esac
+
+# Implement per-branch controls based on username
+allowed_users_file=$GIT_DIR/info/allowed-users
+username=$(id -u -n)
+info "The user is: '$username'"
+
+if [ -f "$allowed_users_file" ]; then
+  rc=$(cat $allowed_users_file | grep -v '^#' | grep -v '^$' |
+    while read head_pattern user_patterns; do
+      matchlen=$(expr "$1" : "$head_pattern")
+      if [ "$matchlen" == "${#1}" ]; then
+        info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'"
+        for user_pattern in $user_patterns; do
+          info "Checking user: '$username' against pattern: '$user_pattern'"
+          matchlen=$(expr "$username" : "$user_pattern")
+          if [ "$matchlen" == "${#username}" ]; then
+            grant "Allowing user: '$username' with pattern: '$user_pattern'"
+          fi
+        done
+        deny "The user is not in the access list for this branch"
+      fi
+    done
+  )
+  case "$rc" in
+    grant) grant >/dev/null "Granting access based on $allowed_users_file" ;;
+    deny)  deny  >/dev/null "Denying  access based on $allowed_users_file" ;;
+    *) ;;
+  esac
+fi
+
+allowed_groups_file=$GIT_DIR/info/allowed-groups
+groups=$(id -G -n)
+info "The user belongs to the following groups:"
+info "'$groups'"
+
+if [ -f "$allowed_groups_file" ]; then
+  rc=$(cat $allowed_groups_file | grep -v '^#' | grep -v '^$' |
+    while read head_pattern group_patterns; do
+      matchlen=$(expr "$1" : "$head_pattern")
+      if [ "$matchlen" == "${#1}" ]; then
+        info "Found matching head pattern: '$head_pattern'"
+        for group_pattern in $group_patterns; do
+          for groupname in $groups; do
+            info "Checking group: '$groupname' against pattern: '$group_pattern'"
+            matchlen=$(expr "$groupname" : "$group_pattern")
+            if [ "$matchlen" == "${#groupname}" ]; then
+              grant "Allowing group: '$groupname' with pattern: '$group_pattern'"
+            fi
+          done
+        done
+        deny "None of the user's groups are in the access list for this branch"
+      fi
+    done
+  )
+  case "$rc" in
+    grant) grant >/dev/null "Granting access based on $allowed_groups_file" ;;
+    deny)  deny  >/dev/null "Denying  access based on $allowed_groups_file" ;;
+    *) ;;
+  esac
+fi
+
+deny >/dev/null "There are no more rules to check.  Denying access"
+
+-- >8 -- end of script -- >8 --
+
+This uses two files, $GIT_DIR/info/allowed-users and
+allowed-groups, to describe which heads can be pushed into by
+whom.  The format of each file would look like this:
 
 	refs/heads/master	junio
         refs/heads/cogito$	pasky
@@ -91,15 +165,8 @@ like this in $GIT_DIR/info/allowed-pushers file:
         refs/tags/v[0-9]*	junio
 
 With this, Linus can push or create "bw/penguin" or "bw/zebra"
-or "bw/panda" branches, Pasky can do only "cogito", and I can do
+or "bw/panda" branches, Pasky can do only "cogito", and JC can
-master branch and make versioned tags.  And anybody can do
+do master branch and make versioned tags.  And anybody can do
-tmp/blah branches.  This assumes all the users are in a single
+tmp/blah branches.
-group that can write into $GIT_DIR/ and underneath.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
+------------

Documentation/howto/using-topic-branches.txt

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ test tree and then pull to the release tree as that would leave trivial
 patches blocked in the test tree waiting for complex changes to accumulate
 enough test time to graduate.
 
-Back in the BitKeeper days I achieved this my creating small forests of
+Back in the BitKeeper days I achieved this by creating small forests of
 temporary trees, one tree for each logical grouping of patches, and then
 pulling changes from these trees first to the test tree, and then to the
 release tree.  At first I replicated this in GIT, but then I realised
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ So here is the step-by-step guide how this all works for me.
 
 First create your work tree by cloning Linus's public tree:
 
- $ git clone rsync://rsync.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git work
+ $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git work
 
 Change directory into the cloned tree you just created
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Set up a remotes file so that you can fetch the latest from Linus' master
 branch into a local branch named "linus":
 
  $ cat > .git/remotes/linus
- URL: rsync://rsync.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git
+ URL: git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git
  Pull: master:linus
  ^D
 

Documentation/merge-options.txt

@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@
 	Use the given merge strategy; can be supplied more than
 	once to specify them in the order they should be tried.
 	If there is no `-s` option, a built-in list of strategies
-	is used instead (`git-merge-resolve` when merging a single
+	is used instead (`git-merge-recursive` when merging a single
 	head, `git-merge-octopus` otherwise).
 

Documentation/merge-strategies.txt

@@ -6,27 +6,27 @@ resolve::
 	and another branch you pulled from) using 3-way merge
 	algorithm.  It tries to carefully detect criss-cross
 	merge ambiguities and is considered generally safe and
-	fast.  This is the default merge strategy when pulling
+	fast.
-	one branch.
 
 recursive::
 	This can only resolve two heads using 3-way merge
 	algorithm.  When there are more than one common
 	ancestors that can be used for 3-way merge, it creates a
-	merged tree of the common ancestores and uses that as
+	merged tree of the common ancestors and uses that as
 	the reference tree for the 3-way merge.  This has been
 	reported to result in fewer merge conflicts without
 	causing mis-merges by tests done on actual merge commits
 	taken from Linux 2.6 kernel development history.
 	Additionally this can detect and handle merges involving
-	renames.
+	renames.  This is the default merge strategy when
+	pulling or merging one branch.
 
 octopus::
 	This resolves more than two-head case, but refuses to do
 	complex merge that needs manual resolution.  It is
 	primarily meant to be used for bundling topic branch
 	heads together.  This is the default merge strategy when
-	pulling more than one branch.
+	pulling or merging more than one branches.
 
 ours::
 	This resolves any number of heads, but the result of the

Documentation/sort_glossary.pl

@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ sub no_spaces ($) {
 
 print 'GIT Glossary
 ============
-Aug 2005
 
 This list is sorted alphabetically:
 

Documentation/technical/pack-protocol.txt

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+Pack transfer protocols
+=======================
+
 There are two Pack push-pull protocols.
 
 upload-pack (S) | fetch/clone-pack (C) protocol:

Documentation/tutorial.txt

@@ -18,7 +18,20 @@ doing.
 The core git is often called "plumbing", with the prettier user
 interfaces on top of it called "porcelain". You may not want to use the
 plumbing directly very often, but it can be good to know what the
-plumbing does for when the porcelain isn't flushing... 
+plumbing does for when the porcelain isn't flushing.
+
+The material presented here often goes deep describing how things
+work internally.  If you are mostly interested in using git as a
+SCM, you can skip them during your first pass.
+
+[NOTE]
+And those "too deep" descriptions are often marked as Note.
+
+[NOTE]
+If you are already familiar with another version control system,
+like CVS, you may want to take a look at
+link:everyday.html[Everyday GIT in 20 commands or so] first
+before reading this.
 
 
 Creating a git repository
@@ -252,6 +265,17 @@ tree. That's very useful.
 A common shorthand for `git-diff-files -p` is to just write `git
 diff`, which will do the same thing.
 
+------------
+$ git diff
+diff --git a/hello b/hello
+index 557db03..263414f 100644
+--- a/hello
++++ b/hello
+@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+ Hello World
++It's a new day for git
+------------
+
 
 Committing git state
 --------------------
@@ -1067,9 +1091,10 @@ lacks and transfers (close to) minimum set of objects.
 HTTP(S)::
 	`http://remote.machine/path/to/repo.git/`
 +
-HTTP and HTTPS transport are used only for downloading.  They
+Downloader from http and https URL
-first obtain the topmost commit object name from the remote site
+first obtains the topmost commit object name from the remote site
-by looking at `repo.git/info/refs` file, tries to obtain the
+by looking at the specified refname under `repo.git/refs/` directory,
+and then tries to obtain the
 commit object by downloading from `repo.git/objects/xx/xxx\...`
 using the object name of that commit object.  Then it reads the
 commit object to find out its parent commits and the associate
@@ -1080,7 +1105,9 @@ sometimes also called 'commit walkers'.
 The 'commit walkers' are sometimes also called 'dumb
 transports', because they do not require any git aware smart
 server like git Native transport does.  Any stock HTTP server
-would suffice.
+that does not even support directory index would suffice.  But
+you must prepare your repository with `git-update-server-info`
+to help dumb transport downloaders.
 +
 There are (confusingly enough) `git-ssh-fetch` and `git-ssh-upload`
 programs, which are 'commit walkers'; they outlived their
@@ -1282,26 +1309,27 @@ fatal: merge program failed
 
 `git-merge-one-file` script is called with parameters to
 describe those three versions, and is responsible to leave the
-merge results in the working tree and register it in the index
+merge results in the working tree.
-file.  It is a fairly straightforward shell script, and
+It is a fairly straightforward shell script, and
-eventually calls `merge` program from RCS suite to perform the
+eventually calls `merge` program from RCS suite to perform a
 file-level 3-way merge.  In this case, `merge` detects
 conflicts, and the merge result with conflict marks is left in
-the working tree, while the index file is updated with the
+the working tree..  This can be seen if you run `ls-files
-version from the current branch (this is to make `git diff`
-useful after this step).  This can be seen if you run `ls-files
 --stage` again at this point:
 
 ------------
 $ git-ls-files --stage
 100644 7f8b141b65fdcee47321e399a2598a235a032422 0	example
-100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 0	hello
+100644 263414f423d0e4d70dae8fe53fa34614ff3e2860 1	hello
+100644 06fa6a24256dc7e560efa5687fa84b51f0263c3a 2	hello
+100644 cc44c73eb783565da5831b4d820c962954019b69 3	hello
 ------------
 
-As you can see, there is no unmerged paths in the index file.
 This is the state of the index file and the working file after
 `git merge` returns control back to you, leaving the conflicting
-merge for you to resolve.
+merge for you to resolve.  Notice that the path `hello` is still
+unmerged, and what you see with `git diff` at this point is
+differences since stage 2 (i.e. your version).
 
 
 Publishing your work
@@ -1492,12 +1520,13 @@ A recommended workflow for a "project lead" goes like this:
 2. Prepare a public repository accessible to others.
 +
 If other people are pulling from your repository over dumb
-transport protocols, you need to keep this repository 'dumb
+transport protocols (HTTP), you need to keep this repository
-transport friendly'.  After `git init-db`,
+'dumb transport friendly'.  After `git init-db`,
 `$GIT_DIR/hooks/post-update` copied from the standard templates
 would contain a call to `git-update-server-info` but the
 `post-update` hook itself is disabled by default -- enable it
-with `chmod +x post-update`.
+with `chmod +x post-update`.  This makes sure `git-update-server-info`
+keeps the necessary files up-to-date.
 
 3. Push into the public repository from your primary
    repository.
@@ -1596,7 +1625,9 @@ cooperation you are probably more familiar with as well.
 For this, set up a public repository on a machine that is
 reachable via SSH by people with "commit privileges".  Put the
 committers in the same user group and make the repository
-writable by that group.
+writable by that group.  Make sure their umasks are set up to
+allow group members to write into directories other members
+have created.
 
 You, as an individual committer, then:
 
@@ -1636,14 +1667,49 @@ fast forward.  You need to pull and merge those other changes
 back before you push your work when it happens.
 
 
+Advanced Shared Repository Management
+-------------------------------------
+
+Being able to push into a shared repository means being able to
+write into it.  If your developers are coming over the network,
+this means you, as the repository administrator, need to give
+each of them an SSH access to the shared repository machine.
+
+In some cases, though, you may not want to give a normal shell
+account to them, but want to restrict them to be able to only
+do `git push` into the repository and nothing else.
+
+You can achieve this by setting the login shell of your
+developers on the shared repository host to `git-shell` program.
+
+[NOTE]
+Most likely you would also need to list `git-shell` program in
+`/etc/shells` file.
+
+This restricts the set of commands that can be run from incoming
+SSH connection for these users to only `receive-pack` and
+`upload-pack`, so the only thing they can do are `git fetch` and
+`git push`.
+
+You still need to create UNIX user accounts for each developer,
+and put them in the same group.  Make sure that the repository
+shared among these developers is writable by that group.
+
+You can implement finer grained branch policies using update
+hooks.  There is a document ("control access to branches") in
+Documentation/howto by Carl Baldwin and JC outlining how to (1)
+limit access to branch per user, (2) forbid overwriting existing
+tags.
+
+
 Bundling your work together
 ---------------------------
 
 It is likely that you will be working on more than one thing at
-a time.  It is easy to use those more-or-less independent tasks
+a time.  It is easy to manage those more-or-less independent tasks
 using branches with git.
 
-We have already seen how branches work in a previous example,
+We have already seen how branches work previously,
 with "fun and work" example using two branches.  The idea is the
 same if there are more than two branches.  Let's say you started
 out from "master" head, and have some new code in the "master"

INSTALL

@@ -87,3 +87,6 @@ Issues of note:
    have all the libraries/tools needed, or you may have
    necessary libraries at unusual locations.  Please look at the
    top of the Makefile to see what can be adjusted for your needs.
+   You can place local settings in config.mak and the Makefile
+   will include them.  Note that config.mak is not distributed;
+   the name is reserved for local settings.

Makefile

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ all:
 # Define USE_STDEV below if you want git to care about the underlying device
 # change being considered an inode change from the update-cache perspective.
 
-GIT_VERSION = 0.99.9l
+GIT_VERSION = 1.0.0
 
 # CFLAGS and LDFLAGS are for the users to override from the command line.
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ SCRIPT_SH = \
 	git-cherry.sh git-clone.sh git-commit.sh \
 	git-count-objects.sh git-diff.sh git-fetch.sh \
 	git-format-patch.sh git-log.sh git-ls-remote.sh \
-	git-merge-one-file.sh git-octopus.sh git-parse-remote.sh \
+	git-merge-one-file.sh git-parse-remote.sh \
 	git-prune.sh git-pull.sh git-push.sh git-rebase.sh \
 	git-repack.sh git-request-pull.sh git-reset.sh \
 	git-resolve.sh git-revert.sh git-sh-setup.sh git-status.sh \
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ LIB_FILE=libgit.a
 LIB_H = \
 	blob.h cache.h commit.h count-delta.h csum-file.h delta.h \
 	diff.h epoch.h object.h pack.h pkt-line.h quote.h refs.h \
-	run-command.h strbuf.h tag.h tree.h
+	run-command.h strbuf.h tag.h tree.h git-compat-util.h
 
 DIFF_OBJS = \
 	diff.o diffcore-break.o diffcore-order.o diffcore-pathspec.o \
@@ -175,6 +175,7 @@ LIB_OBJS = \
 	quote.o read-cache.o refs.o run-command.o \
 	server-info.o setup.o sha1_file.o sha1_name.o strbuf.o \
 	tag.o tree.o usage.o config.o environment.o ctype.o copy.o \
+	fetch-clone.o \
 	$(DIFF_OBJS)
 
 LIBS = $(LIB_FILE)
@@ -243,6 +244,10 @@ ifeq ($(uname_S),NetBSD)
 	ALL_CFLAGS += -I/usr/pkg/include
 	ALL_LDFLAGS += -L/usr/pkg/lib -Wl,-rpath,/usr/pkg/lib
 endif
+ifeq ($(uname_S),AIX)
+	NO_STRCASESTR=YesPlease
+	NEEDS_LIBICONV=YesPlease
+endif
 ifneq (,$(findstring arm,$(uname_M)))
 	ARM_SHA1 = YesPlease
 endif
@@ -320,15 +325,15 @@ ifdef NEEDS_NSL
 	SIMPLE_LIB += -lnsl
 endif
 ifdef NO_STRCASESTR
-	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -Dstrcasestr=gitstrcasestr -DNO_STRCASESTR=1
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_STRCASESTR
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/strcasestr.o
 endif
 ifdef NO_SETENV
-	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -Dsetenv=gitsetenv -DNO_SETENV=1
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_SETENV
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/setenv.o
 endif
 ifdef NO_MMAP
-	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -Dmmap=gitfakemmap -Dmunmap=gitfakemunmap -DNO_MMAP
+	COMPAT_CFLAGS += -DNO_MMAP
 	COMPAT_OBJS += compat/mmap.o
 endif
 ifdef NO_IPV6
@@ -363,9 +368,9 @@ all: $(ALL_PROGRAMS)
 all:
 	$(MAKE) -C templates
 
-git$(X): git.c $(COMPAT_OBJS) Makefile
+git$X: git.c $(LIB_FILE) Makefile
 	$(CC) -DGIT_EXEC_PATH='"$(bindir)"' -DGIT_VERSION='"$(GIT_VERSION)"' \
-		$(CFLAGS) $(COMPAT_CFLAGS) -o $@ $(filter %.c,$^) $(filter %.o,$^)
+		$(CFLAGS) $(COMPAT_CFLAGS) -o $@ $(filter %.c,$^) $(LIB_FILE)
 
 $(patsubst %.sh,%,$(SCRIPT_SH)) : % : %.sh
 	rm -f $@
@@ -445,7 +450,7 @@ test-delta$X: test-delta.c diff-delta.o patch-delta.o
 	$(CC) $(ALL_CFLAGS) -o $@ $(ALL_LDFLAGS) $^
 
 check:
-	for i in *.c; do sparse $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(SPARSE_FLAGS) $$i; done
+	for i in *.c; do sparse $(ALL_CFLAGS) $(SPARSE_FLAGS) $$i || exit; done
 
 
 
@@ -493,7 +498,7 @@ clean:
 	rm -f *.o mozilla-sha1/*.o arm/*.o ppc/*.o compat/*.o $(LIB_FILE)
 	rm -f $(PROGRAMS) $(SIMPLE_PROGRAMS) git$X
 	rm -f $(filter-out gitk,$(SCRIPTS))
-	rm -f *.spec *.pyc *.pyo
+	rm -f *.spec *.pyc *.pyo */*.pyc */*.pyo
 	rm -rf $(GIT_TARNAME)
 	rm -f $(GIT_TARNAME).tar.gz git-core_$(GIT_VERSION)-*.tar.gz
 	rm -f git-core_$(GIT_VERSION)-*.dsc
@@ -501,3 +506,4 @@ clean:
 	$(MAKE) -C Documentation/ clean
 	$(MAKE) -C templates clean
 	$(MAKE) -C t/ clean
+

README

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ the object (i.e. how it is used, and how it can refer to other
 objects).  There are currently four different object types: "blob",
 "tree", "commit" and "tag".
 
-A "blob" object cannot refer to any other object, and is, like the tag
+A "blob" object cannot refer to any other object, and is, like the type
 implies, a pure storage object containing some user data.  It is used to
 actually store the file data, i.e. a blob object is associated with some
 particular version of some file. 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ symbolic name (of course!) and, optionally, a signature.
 
 Regardless of object type, all objects share the following
 characteristics: they are all deflated with zlib, and have a header
-that not only specifies their tag, but also provides size information
+that not only specifies their type, but also provides size information
 about the data in the object.  It's worth noting that the SHA1 hash
 that is used to name the object is the hash of the original data
 plus this header, so `sha1sum` 'file' does not match the object name
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ As a result, the general consistency of an object can always be tested
 independently of the contents or the type of the object: all objects can
 be validated by verifying that (a) their hashes match the content of the
 file and (b) the object successfully inflates to a stream of bytes that
-forms a sequence of <ascii tag without space> + <space> + <ascii decimal
+forms a sequence of <ascii type without space> + <space> + <ascii decimal
 size> + <byte\0> + <binary object data>. 
 
 The structured objects can further have their structure and
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ will not normally add totally new entries or remove old entries,
 i.e. it will normally just update existing cache entries.
 
 To tell git that yes, you really do realize that certain files no
-longer exist in the archive, or that new files should be added, you
+longer exist, or that new files should be added, you
 should use the `--remove` and `--add` flags respectively.
 
 NOTE! A `--remove` flag does 'not' mean that subsequent filenames will
@@ -515,8 +515,11 @@ index file, and you can just write the result out with
 Historical note.  We did not have `-u` facility when this
 section was first written, so we used to warn that
 the merge is done in the index file, not in your
-working directory, and your working directory will no longer match your
+working tree, and your working tree will not match your
-index.
+index after this step.
+This is no longer true.  The above command, thanks to `-u`
+option, updates your working tree with the merge results for
+paths that have been trivially merged.
 
 
 8) Merging multiple trees, continued
@@ -579,7 +582,7 @@ The above is the description of a git merge at the lowest level,
 to help you understand what conceptually happens under the hood.
 In practice, nobody, not even git itself, uses three `git-cat-file`
 for this.  There is `git-merge-index` program that extracts the
-stages to temporary files and calls a `merge` script on it
+stages to temporary files and calls a "merge" script on it:
 
 	git-merge-index git-merge-one-file hello.c
 

apply.c

@@ -84,14 +84,11 @@ static void *read_patch_file(int fd, unsigned long *sizep)
 			buffer = xrealloc(buffer, alloc);
 			nr = alloc - size;
 		}
-		nr = read(fd, buffer + size, nr);
+		nr = xread(fd, buffer + size, nr);
 		if (!nr)
 			break;
-		if (nr < 0) {
+		if (nr < 0)
-			if (errno == EAGAIN)
-				continue;
 			die("git-apply: read returned %s", strerror(errno));
-		}
 		size += nr;
 	}
 	*sizep = size;
@@ -1006,13 +1003,8 @@ static int read_old_data(struct stat *st, const char *path, void *buf, unsigned
 			return error("unable to open %s", path);
 		got = 0;
 		for (;;) {
-			int ret = read(fd, buf + got, size - got);
+			int ret = xread(fd, buf + got, size - got);
-			if (ret < 0) {
+			if (ret <= 0)
-				if (errno == EAGAIN)
-					continue;
-				break;
-			}
-			if (!ret)
 				break;
 			got += ret;
 		}
@@ -1600,12 +1592,9 @@ static int try_create_file(const char *path, unsigned int mode, const char *buf,
 	if (fd < 0)
 		return -1;
 	while (size) {
-		int written = write(fd, buf, size);
+		int written = xwrite(fd, buf, size);
-		if (written < 0) {
+		if (written < 0)
-			if (errno == EINTR || errno == EAGAIN)
-				continue;
 			die("writing file %s: %s", path, strerror(errno));
-		}
 		if (!written)
 			die("out of space writing file %s", path);
 		buf += written;

cache.h

@@ -1,23 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef CACHE_H
 #define CACHE_H
 
-#include <unistd.h>
+#include "git-compat-util.h"
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-#ifndef NO_MMAP
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#endif
-#include <sys/param.h>
-#include <netinet/in.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
 
 #include SHA1_HEADER
 #include <zlib.h>
@@ -36,15 +20,6 @@
 #define DTYPE(de)	DT_UNKNOWN
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __GNUC__
-#define NORETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
-#else
-#define NORETURN
-#ifndef __attribute__
-#define __attribute__(x)
-#endif
-#endif
-
 /*
  * Intensive research over the course of many years has shown that
  * port 9418 is totally unused by anything else. Or
@@ -169,6 +144,7 @@ extern int ce_match_stat(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st);
 extern int ce_modified(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st);
 extern int ce_path_match(const struct cache_entry *ce, const char **pathspec);
 extern int index_fd(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, struct stat *st, int write_object, const char *type);
+extern int index_pipe(unsigned char *sha1, int fd, const char *type, int write_object);
 extern int index_path(unsigned char *sha1, const char *path, struct stat *st, int write_object);
 extern void fill_stat_cache_info(struct cache_entry *ce, struct stat *st);
 
@@ -250,11 +226,6 @@ extern const char *resolve_ref(const char *path, unsigned char *sha1, int);
 extern int create_symref(const char *git_HEAD, const char *refs_heads_master);
 extern int validate_symref(const char *git_HEAD);
 
-/* General helper functions */
-extern void usage(const char *err) NORETURN;
-extern void die(const char *err, ...) NORETURN __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
-extern int error(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
-
 extern int base_name_compare(const char *name1, int len1, int mode1, const char *name2, int len2, int mode2);
 extern int cache_name_compare(const char *name1, int len1, const char *name2, int len2);
 
@@ -272,30 +243,6 @@ extern int setup_ident(void);
 extern const char *git_author_info(void);
 extern const char *git_committer_info(void);
 
-static inline void *xmalloc(size_t size)
-{
-	void *ret = malloc(size);
-	if (!ret)
-		die("Out of memory, malloc failed");
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static inline void *xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
-{
-	void *ret = realloc(ptr, size);
-	if (!ret)
-		die("Out of memory, realloc failed");
-	return ret;
-}
-
-static inline void *xcalloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size)
-{
-	void *ret = calloc(nmemb, size);
-	if (!ret)
-		die("Out of memory, calloc failed");
-	return ret;
-}
-
 struct checkout {
 	const char *base_dir;
 	int base_dir_len;
@@ -373,20 +320,6 @@ extern void packed_object_info_detail(struct pack_entry *, char *, unsigned long
 /* Dumb servers support */
 extern int update_server_info(int);
 
-#ifdef NO_MMAP
-
-#ifndef PROT_READ
-#define PROT_READ 1
-#define PROT_WRITE 2
-#define MAP_PRIVATE 1
-#define MAP_FAILED ((void*)-1)
-#endif
-
-extern void *gitfakemmap(void *start, size_t length, int prot , int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
-extern int gitfakemunmap(void *start, size_t length);
-
-#endif
-
 typedef int (*config_fn_t)(const char *, const char *);
 extern int git_default_config(const char *, const char *);
 extern int git_config_from_file(config_fn_t fn, const char *);
@@ -404,31 +337,10 @@ extern char git_default_name[MAX_GITNAME];
 #define MAX_ENCODING_LENGTH 64
 extern char git_commit_encoding[MAX_ENCODING_LENGTH];
 
-/* Sane ctype - no locale, and works with signed chars */
-#undef isspace
-#undef isdigit
-#undef isalpha
-#undef isalnum
-#undef tolower
-#undef toupper
-extern unsigned char sane_ctype[256];
-#define GIT_SPACE 0x01
-#define GIT_DIGIT 0x02
-#define GIT_ALPHA 0x04
-#define sane_istest(x,mask) ((sane_ctype[(unsigned char)(x)] & (mask)) != 0)
-#define isspace(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_SPACE)
-#define isdigit(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_DIGIT)
-#define isalpha(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_ALPHA)
-#define isalnum(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_ALPHA | GIT_DIGIT)
-#define tolower(x) sane_case((unsigned char)(x), 0x20)
-#define toupper(x) sane_case((unsigned char)(x), 0)
-
-static inline int sane_case(int x, int high)
-{
-	if (sane_istest(x, GIT_ALPHA))
-		x = (x & ~0x20) | high;
-	return x;
-}
-
 extern int copy_fd(int ifd, int ofd);
+
+/* Finish off pack transfer receiving end */
+extern int receive_unpack_pack(int fd[2], const char *me, int quiet);
+extern int receive_keep_pack(int fd[2], const char *me);
+
 #endif /* CACHE_H */

cat-file.c

@@ -55,10 +55,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 		die("git-cat-file %s: bad file", argv[2]);
 
 	while (size > 0) {
-		long ret = write(1, buf, size);
+		long ret = xwrite(1, buf, size);
 		if (ret < 0) {
-			if (errno == EAGAIN)
-				continue;
 			/* Ignore epipe */
 			if (errno == EPIPE)
 				break;

checkout-index.c

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 
 static const char *prefix;
 static int prefix_length;
+static int checkout_stage; /* default to checkout stage0 */
 
 static struct checkout state = {
 	.base_dir = "",
@@ -48,20 +49,36 @@ static struct checkout state = {
 
 static int checkout_file(const char *name)
 {
-	int pos = cache_name_pos(name, strlen(name));
+	int namelen = strlen(name);
-	if (pos < 0) {
+	int pos = cache_name_pos(name, namelen);
-		if (!state.quiet) {
+	int has_same_name = 0;
-			pos = -pos - 1;
+
-			fprintf(stderr,
+	if (pos < 0)
-				"git-checkout-index: %s is %s.\n",
+		pos = -pos - 1;
-				name,
+
-				(pos < active_nr &&
+	while (pos < active_nr) {
-				 !strcmp(active_cache[pos]->name, name)) ?
+		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[pos];
-				"unmerged" : "not in the cache");
+		if (ce_namelen(ce) != namelen ||
-		}
+		    memcmp(ce->name, name, namelen))
-		return -1;
+			break;
+		has_same_name = 1;
+		if (checkout_stage == ce_stage(ce))
+			return checkout_entry(ce, &state);
+		pos++;
 	}
-	return checkout_entry(active_cache[pos], &state);
+
+	if (!state.quiet) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "git-checkout-index: %s ", name);
+		if (!has_same_name)
+			fprintf(stderr, "is not in the cache");
+		else if (checkout_stage)
+			fprintf(stderr, "does not exist at stage %d",
+				checkout_stage);
+		else
+			fprintf(stderr, "is unmerged");
+		fputc('\n', stderr);
+	}
+	return -1;
 }
 
 static int checkout_all(void)
@@ -70,11 +87,11 @@ static int checkout_all(void)
 
 	for (i = 0; i < active_nr ; i++) {
 		struct cache_entry *ce = active_cache[i];
-		if (ce_stage(ce))
+		if (ce_stage(ce) != checkout_stage)
 			continue;
 		if (prefix && *prefix &&
-		    ( ce_namelen(ce) <= prefix_length ||
+		    (ce_namelen(ce) <= prefix_length ||
-		      memcmp(prefix, ce->name, prefix_length) ))
+		     memcmp(prefix, ce->name, prefix_length)))
 			continue;
 		if (checkout_entry(ce, &state) < 0)
 			errs++;
@@ -88,7 +105,7 @@ static int checkout_all(void)
 }
 
 static const char checkout_cache_usage[] =
-"git-checkout-index [-u] [-q] [-a] [-f] [-n] [--prefix=<string>] [--] <file>...";
+"git-checkout-index [-u] [-q] [-a] [-f] [-n] [--stage=[123]] [--prefix=<string>] [--] <file>...";
 
 static struct cache_file cache_file;
 
@@ -138,11 +155,19 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 				die("cannot open index.lock file.");
 			continue;
 		}
-		if (!memcmp(arg, "--prefix=", 9)) {
+		if (!strncmp(arg, "--prefix=", 9)) {
 			state.base_dir = arg+9;
 			state.base_dir_len = strlen(state.base_dir);
 			continue;
 		}
+		if (!strncmp(arg, "--stage=", 8)) {
+			int ch = arg[8];
+			if ('1' <= ch && ch <= '3')
+				checkout_stage = arg[8] - '0';
+			else
+				die("stage should be between 1 and 3");
+			continue;
+		}
 		if (arg[0] == '-')
 			usage(checkout_cache_usage);
 		break;

clone-pack.c

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "cache.h"
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "pkt-line.h"
-#include <sys/wait.h>
 
 static const char clone_pack_usage[] =
 "git-clone-pack [--exec=<git-upload-pack>] [<host>:]<directory> [<heads>]*";
@@ -112,139 +111,6 @@ static void write_refs(struct ref *ref)
 	free(head_path);
 }
 
-static int finish_pack(const char *pack_tmp_name)
-{
-	int pipe_fd[2];
-	pid_t pid;
-	char idx[PATH_MAX];
-	char final[PATH_MAX];
-	char hash[41];
-	unsigned char sha1[20];
-	char *cp;
-	int err = 0;
-
-	if (pipe(pipe_fd) < 0)
-		die("git-clone-pack: unable to set up pipe");
-
-	strcpy(idx, pack_tmp_name); /* ".git/objects/pack-XXXXXX" */
-	cp = strrchr(idx, '/');
-	memcpy(cp, "/pidx", 5);
-
-	pid = fork();
-	if (pid < 0)
-		die("git-clone-pack: unable to fork off git-index-pack");
-	if (!pid) {
-		close(0);
-		dup2(pipe_fd[1], 1);
-		close(pipe_fd[0]);
-		close(pipe_fd[1]);
-		execlp("git-index-pack","git-index-pack",
-		       "-o", idx, pack_tmp_name, NULL);
-		error("cannot exec git-index-pack <%s> <%s>",
-		      idx, pack_tmp_name);
-		exit(1);
-	}
-	close(pipe_fd[1]);
-	if (read(pipe_fd[0], hash, 40) != 40) {
-		error("git-clone-pack: unable to read from git-index-pack");
-		err = 1;
-	}
-	close(pipe_fd[0]);
-
-	for (;;) {
-		int status, code;
-		int retval = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
-
-		if (retval < 0) {
-			if (errno == EINTR)
-				continue;
-			error("waitpid failed (%s)", strerror(retval));
-			goto error_die;
-		}
-		if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
-			int sig = WTERMSIG(status);
-			error("git-index-pack died of signal %d", sig);
-			goto error_die;
-		}
-		if (!WIFEXITED(status)) {
-			error("git-index-pack died of unnatural causes %d",
-			      status);
-			goto error_die;
-		}
-		code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
-		if (code) {
-			error("git-index-pack died with error code %d", code);
-			goto error_die;
-		}
-		if (err)
-			goto error_die;
-		break;
-	}
-	hash[40] = 0;
-	if (get_sha1_hex(hash, sha1)) {
-		error("git-index-pack reported nonsense '%s'", hash);
-		goto error_die;
-	}
-	/* Now we have pack in pack_tmp_name[], and
-	 * idx in idx[]; rename them to their final names.
-	 */
-	snprintf(final, sizeof(final),
-		 "%s/pack/pack-%s.pack", get_object_directory(), hash);
-	move_temp_to_file(pack_tmp_name, final);
-	chmod(final, 0444);
-	snprintf(final, sizeof(final),
-		 "%s/pack/pack-%s.idx", get_object_directory(), hash);
-	move_temp_to_file(idx, final);
-	chmod(final, 0444);
-	return 0;
-
- error_die:
-	unlink(idx);
-	unlink(pack_tmp_name);
-	exit(1);
-}
-
-static int clone_without_unpack(int fd[2])
-{
-	char tmpfile[PATH_MAX];
-	int ofd, ifd;
-
-	ifd = fd[0];
-	snprintf(tmpfile, sizeof(tmpfile),
-		 "%s/pack/tmp-XXXXXX", get_object_directory());
-	ofd = mkstemp(tmpfile);
-	if (ofd < 0)
-		return error("unable to create temporary file %s", tmpfile);
-
-	while (1) {
-		char buf[8192];
-		ssize_t sz, wsz, pos;
-		sz = read(ifd, buf, sizeof(buf));
-		if (sz == 0)
-			break;
-		if (sz < 0) {
-			error("error reading pack (%s)", strerror(errno));
-			close(ofd);
-			unlink(tmpfile);
-			return -1;
-		}
-		pos = 0;
-		while (pos < sz) {
-			wsz = write(ofd, buf + pos, sz - pos);
-			if (wsz < 0) {
-				error("error writing pack (%s)",
-				      strerror(errno));
-				close(ofd);
-				unlink(tmpfile);
-				return -1;
-			}
-			pos += wsz;
-		}
-	}
-	close(ofd);
-	return finish_pack(tmpfile);
-}
-
 static int clone_pack(int fd[2], int nr_match, char **match)
 {
 	struct ref *refs;
@@ -257,10 +123,19 @@ static int clone_pack(int fd[2], int nr_match, char **match)
 	}
 	clone_handshake(fd, refs);
 
-	status = clone_without_unpack(fd);
+	status = receive_keep_pack(fd, "git-clone-pack");
 
-	if (!status)
+	if (!status) {
-		write_refs(refs);
+		if (nr_match == 0)
+			write_refs(refs);
+		else
+			while (refs) {
+				printf("%s %s\n",
+				       sha1_to_hex(refs->old_sha1),
+				       refs->name);
+				refs = refs->next;
+			}
+	}
 	return status;
 }
 
@@ -285,8 +160,6 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 				exec = arg + 7;
 				continue;
 			}
-			if (!strcmp("--keep", arg))
-				continue;
 			usage(clone_pack_usage);
 		}
 		dest = arg;

cmd-rename.sh

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/sh
-#
-# If you installed git by hand previously, you may find this
-# script useful to remove the symbolic links that we shipped
-# for backward compatibility.
-#
-# Running this script with the previous installation directory
-# like this:
-#
-# $ cmd-rename.sh /usr/local/bin/
-#
-# would clean them.
-
-d="$1"
-test -d "$d" || exit
-while read old new
-do
-	rm -f "$d/$old"
-done <<\EOF
-git-add-script	git-add
-git-archimport-script	git-archimport
-git-bisect-script	git-bisect
-git-branch-script	git-branch
-git-checkout-script	git-checkout
-git-cherry-pick-script	git-cherry-pick
-git-clone-script	git-clone
-git-commit-script	git-commit
-git-count-objects-script	git-count-objects
-git-cvsimport-script	git-cvsimport
-git-diff-script	git-diff
-git-send-email-script	git-send-email
-git-fetch-script	git-fetch
-git-format-patch-script	git-format-patch
-git-log-script	git-log
-git-ls-remote-script	git-ls-remote
-git-merge-one-file-script	git-merge-one-file
-git-octopus-script	git-octopus
-git-parse-remote-script	git-parse-remote
-git-prune-script	git-prune
-git-pull-script	git-pull
-git-push-script	git-push
-git-rebase-script	git-rebase
-git-relink-script	git-relink
-git-rename-script	git-rename
-git-repack-script	git-repack
-git-request-pull-script	git-request-pull
-git-reset-script	git-reset
-git-resolve-script	git-resolve
-git-revert-script	git-revert
-git-sh-setup-script	git-sh-setup
-git-status-script	git-status
-git-tag-script	git-tag
-git-verify-tag-script	git-verify-tag
-git-http-pull	git-http-fetch
-git-local-pull	git-local-fetch
-git-checkout-cache	git-checkout-index
-git-diff-cache	git-diff-index
-git-merge-cache	git-merge-index
-git-update-cache	git-update-index
-git-convert-cache	git-convert-objects
-git-fsck-cache	git-fsck-objects
-EOF

compat/mmap.c

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#include "../cache.h"
+#include "../git-compat-util.h"
 
 void *gitfakemmap(void *start, size_t length, int prot , int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
 {

compat/setenv.c

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ int gitsetenv(const char *name, const char *value, int replace)
 
 	namelen = strlen(name);
 	valuelen = strlen(value);
-	envstr = malloc((namelen + valuelen + 2) * sizeof(char));
+	envstr = malloc((namelen + valuelen + 2));
 	if (!envstr) return -1;
 
 	memcpy(envstr, name, namelen);
@@ -25,7 +25,11 @@ int gitsetenv(const char *name, const char *value, int replace)
 	envstr[namelen + valuelen + 1] = 0;
 
 	out = putenv(envstr);
+	/* putenv(3) makes the argument string part of the environment,
+	 * and changing that string modifies the environment --- which
+	 * means we do not own that storage anymore.  Do not free
+	 * envstr.
+	 */
 
-	free(envstr);
 	return out;
 }

compat/strcasestr.c

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-#include <string.h>
+#include "../git-compat-util.h"
-#include <ctype.h>
 
 char *gitstrcasestr(const char *haystack, const char *needle)
 {

config.c

@@ -458,12 +458,6 @@ int git_config_set_multivar(const char* key, const char* value,
 	 * If .git/config does not exist yet, write a minimal version.
 	 */
 	if (stat(config_filename, &st)) {
-		static const char contents[] =
-			"#\n"
-			"# This is the config file\n"
-			"#\n"
-			"\n";
-
 		free(store.key);
 
 		/* if nothing to unset, error out */
@@ -474,8 +468,6 @@ int git_config_set_multivar(const char* key, const char* value,
 		}
 
 		store.key = (char*)key;
-
-		write(fd, contents, sizeof(contents)-1);
 		store_write_section(fd, key);
 		store_write_pair(fd, key, value);
 	} else{

convert-objects.c

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-#define _XOPEN_SOURCE /* glibc2 needs this */
+#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500 /* glibc2 and AIX 5.3L need this */
+#define _XOPEN_SOURCE_EXTENDED 1 /* AIX 5.3L needs this */
 #include <time.h>
 #include "cache.h"
 

copy.c

@@ -6,32 +6,27 @@ int copy_fd(int ifd, int ofd)
 		int len;
 		char buffer[8192];
 		char *buf = buffer;
-		len = read(ifd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+		len = xread(ifd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
 		if (!len)
 			break;
 		if (len < 0) {
 			int read_error;
-			if (errno == EAGAIN)
-				continue;
 			read_error = errno;
 			close(ifd);
 			return error("copy-fd: read returned %s",
 				     strerror(read_error));
 		}
-		while (1) {
+		while (len) {
-			int written = write(ofd, buf, len);
+			int written = xwrite(ofd, buf, len);
 			if (written > 0) {
 				buf += written;
 				len -= written;
-				if (!len)
-					break;
 			}
-			if (!written)
+			else if (!written)
 				return error("copy-fd: write returned 0");
-			if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
+			else
-				continue;
+				return error("copy-fd: write returned %s",
-			return error("copy-fd: write returned %s",
+					     strerror(errno));
-				     strerror(errno));
 		}
 	}
 	close(ifd);

csum-file.c

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ static int sha1flush(struct sha1file *f, unsigned int count)
 	void *buf = f->buffer;
 
 	for (;;) {
-		int ret = write(f->fd, buf, count);
+		int ret = xwrite(f->fd, buf, count);
 		if (ret > 0) {
 			buf += ret;
 			count -= ret;
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ static int sha1flush(struct sha1file *f, unsigned int count)
 		}
 		if (!ret)
 			die("sha1 file '%s' write error. Out of diskspace", f->name);
-		if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR)
-			continue;
 		die("sha1 file '%s' write error (%s)", f->name, strerror(errno));
 	}
 }

debian/changelog

@@ -1,3 +1,21 @@
+git-core (1.0.0-0) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * GIT 1.0.0
+
+ -- Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>  Wed, 21 Dec 2005 00:01:00 -0800
+
+git-core (0.99.9n-0) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * GIT 0.99.9n aka 1.0rc6
+
+ -- Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>  Wed, 14 Dec 2005 17:27:08 -0800
+
+git-core (0.99.9m-0) unstable; urgency=low
+
+  * GIT 0.99.9m aka 1.0rc5
+
+ -- Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>  Sun, 11 Dec 2005 16:48:06 -0800
+
 git-core (0.99.9l-0) unstable; urgency=low
 
   * GIT 0.99.9l aka 1.0rc4

diff-delta.c

@@ -84,20 +84,15 @@ typedef struct s_chanode {
 } chanode_t;
 
 typedef struct s_chastore {
-	chanode_t *head, *tail;
 	int isize, nsize;
 	chanode_t *ancur;
-	chanode_t *sncur;
-	int scurr;
 } chastore_t;
 
 static void cha_init(chastore_t *cha, int isize, int icount)
 {
-	cha->head = cha->tail = NULL;
 	cha->isize = isize;
 	cha->nsize = icount * isize;
-	cha->ancur = cha->sncur = NULL;
+	cha->ancur = NULL;
-	cha->scurr = 0;
 }
 
 static void *cha_alloc(chastore_t *cha)
@@ -111,12 +106,7 @@ static void *cha_alloc(chastore_t *cha)
 		if (!ancur)
 			return NULL;
 		ancur->icurr = 0;
-		ancur->next = NULL;
+		ancur->next = cha->ancur;
-		if (cha->tail)
-			cha->tail->next = ancur;
-		if (!cha->head)
-			cha->head = ancur;
-		cha->tail = ancur;
 		cha->ancur = ancur;
 	}
 
@@ -127,7 +117,7 @@ static void *cha_alloc(chastore_t *cha)
 
 static void cha_free(chastore_t *cha)
 {
-	chanode_t *cur = cha->head;
+	chanode_t *cur = cha->ancur;
 	while (cur) {
 		chanode_t *tmp = cur;
 		cur = cur->next;
@@ -142,7 +132,6 @@ typedef struct s_bdrecord {
 } bdrecord_t;
 
 typedef struct s_bdfile {
-	const unsigned char *data, *top;
 	chastore_t cha;
 	unsigned int fphbits;
 	bdrecord_t **fphash;
@@ -152,7 +141,7 @@ static int delta_prepare(const unsigned char *buf, int bufsize, bdfile_t *bdf)
 {
 	unsigned int fphbits;
 	int i, hsize;
-	const unsigned char *base, *data, *top;
+	const unsigned char *data, *top;
 	bdrecord_t *brec;
 	bdrecord_t **fphash;
 
@@ -165,13 +154,12 @@ static int delta_prepare(const unsigned char *buf, int bufsize, bdfile_t *bdf)
 		fphash[i] = NULL;
 	cha_init(&bdf->cha, sizeof(bdrecord_t), hsize / 4 + 1);
 
-	bdf->data = data = base = buf;
+	top = buf + bufsize;
-	bdf->top = top = buf + bufsize;
+	data = buf + (bufsize / BLK_SIZE) * BLK_SIZE;
-	data += (bufsize / BLK_SIZE) * BLK_SIZE;
 	if (data == top)
 		data -= BLK_SIZE;
 
-	for ( ; data >= base; data -= BLK_SIZE) {
+	for ( ; data >= buf; data -= BLK_SIZE) {
 		brec = cha_alloc(&bdf->cha);
 		if (!brec) {
 			cha_free(&bdf->cha);
@@ -208,7 +196,7 @@ void *diff_delta(void *from_buf, unsigned long from_size,
 {
 	int i, outpos, outsize, inscnt, csize, msize, moff;
 	unsigned int fp;
-	const unsigned char *data, *top, *ptr1, *ptr2;
+	const unsigned char *ref_data, *ref_top, *data, *top, *ptr1, *ptr2;
 	unsigned char *out, *orig;
 	bdrecord_t *brec;
 	bdfile_t bdf;
@@ -224,6 +212,8 @@ void *diff_delta(void *from_buf, unsigned long from_size,
 		return NULL;
 	}
 
+	ref_data = from_buf;
+	ref_top = from_buf + from_size;
 	data = to_buf;
 	top = to_buf + to_size;
 
@@ -253,7 +243,7 @@ void *diff_delta(void *from_buf, unsigned long from_size,
 		i = HASH(fp, bdf.fphbits);
 		for (brec = bdf.fphash[i]; brec; brec = brec->next) {
 			if (brec->fp == fp) {
-				csize = bdf.top - brec->ptr;
+				csize = ref_top - brec->ptr;
 				if (csize > top - data)
 					csize = top - data;
 				for (ptr1 = brec->ptr, ptr2 = data; 
@@ -262,7 +252,7 @@ void *diff_delta(void *from_buf, unsigned long from_size,
 
 				csize = ptr1 - brec->ptr;
 				if (csize > msize) {
-					moff = brec->ptr - bdf.data;
+					moff = brec->ptr - ref_data;
 					msize = csize;
 					if (msize >= 0x10000) {
 						msize = 0x10000;

diff-tree.c

@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@ static enum cmit_fmt commit_format = CMIT_FMT_RAW;
 
 static struct diff_options diff_options;
 
-static void call_diff_setup_done(void)
-{
-	diff_setup_done(&diff_options);
-}
-
 static int call_diff_flush(void)
 {
 	diffcore_std(&diff_options);
@@ -43,7 +38,6 @@ static int diff_tree_sha1_top(const unsigned char *old,
 {
 	int ret;
 
-	call_diff_setup_done();
 	ret = diff_tree_sha1(old, new, base, &diff_options);
 	call_diff_flush();
 	return ret;
@@ -55,7 +49,6 @@ static int diff_root_tree(const unsigned char *new, const char *base)
 	void *tree;
 	struct tree_desc empty, real;
 
-	call_diff_setup_done();
 	tree = read_object_with_reference(new, "tree", &real.size, NULL);
 	if (!tree)
 		die("unable to read root tree (%s)", sha1_to_hex(new));
@@ -69,18 +62,29 @@ static int diff_root_tree(const unsigned char *new, const char *base)
 	return retval;
 }
 
-static const char *generate_header(const char *commit, const char *parent, const char *msg)
+static const char *generate_header(const unsigned char *commit_sha1,
+				   const unsigned char *parent_sha1,
+				   const char *msg)
 {
 	static char this_header[16384];
 	int offset;
 	unsigned long len;
+	int abbrev = diff_options.abbrev;
 
 	if (!verbose_header)
-		return commit;
+		return sha1_to_hex(commit_sha1);
 
 	len = strlen(msg);
-	offset = sprintf(this_header, "%s%s (from %s)\n", header_prefix, commit, parent);
+
-	offset += pretty_print_commit(commit_format, msg, len, this_header + offset, sizeof(this_header) - offset);
+	offset = sprintf(this_header, "%s%s ",
+			 header_prefix,
+			 diff_unique_abbrev(commit_sha1, abbrev));
+	offset += sprintf(this_header + offset, "(from %s)\n",
+			 parent_sha1 ?
+			 diff_unique_abbrev(parent_sha1, abbrev) : "root");
+	offset += pretty_print_commit(commit_format, msg, len,
+				      this_header + offset,
+				      sizeof(this_header) - offset);
 	return this_header;
 }
 
@@ -99,18 +103,18 @@ static int diff_tree_commit(const unsigned char *commit_sha1)
 	
 	/* Root commit? */
 	if (show_root_diff && !commit->parents) {
-		header = generate_header(name, "root", commit->buffer);
+		header = generate_header(sha1, NULL, commit->buffer);
 		diff_root_tree(commit_sha1, "");
 	}
 
 	/* More than one parent? */
 	if (ignore_merges && commit->parents && commit->parents->next)
-			return 0;
+		return 0;
 
 	for (parents = commit->parents; parents; parents = parents->next) {
 		struct commit *parent = parents->item;
-		header = generate_header(name,
+		header = generate_header(sha1,
-					 sha1_to_hex(parent->object.sha1),
+					 parent->object.sha1,
 					 commit->buffer);
 		diff_tree_sha1_top(parent->object.sha1, commit_sha1, "");
 		if (!header && verbose_header) {
@@ -129,6 +133,7 @@ static int diff_tree_stdin(char *line)
 	int len = strlen(line);
 	unsigned char commit[20], parent[20];
 	static char this_header[1000];
+	int abbrev = diff_options.abbrev;
 
 	if (!len || line[len-1] != '\n')
 		return -1;
@@ -138,7 +143,9 @@ static int diff_tree_stdin(char *line)
 	if (isspace(line[40]) && !get_sha1_hex(line+41, parent)) {
 		line[40] = 0;
 		line[81] = 0;
-		sprintf(this_header, "%s (from %s)\n", line, line+41);
+		sprintf(this_header, "%s (from %s)\n",
+			diff_unique_abbrev(commit, abbrev),
+			diff_unique_abbrev(parent, abbrev));
 		header = this_header;
 		return diff_tree_sha1_top(parent, commit, "");
 	}
@@ -239,6 +246,7 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 		diff_options.recursive = 1;
 
 	diff_tree_setup_paths(get_pathspec(prefix, argv));
+	diff_setup_done(&diff_options);
 
 	switch (nr_sha1) {
 	case 0:

diff.c

@@ -723,11 +723,13 @@ static void run_diff(struct diff_filepair *p, struct diff_options *o)
 
 	if (memcmp(one->sha1, two->sha1, 20)) {
 		char one_sha1[41];
-		const char *index_fmt = o->full_index ? "index %s..%s" : "index %.7s..%.7s";
+		int abbrev = o->full_index ? 40 : DIFF_DEFAULT_INDEX_ABBREV;
 		memcpy(one_sha1, sha1_to_hex(one->sha1), 41);
 
 		len += snprintf(msg + len, sizeof(msg) - len,
-				index_fmt, one_sha1, sha1_to_hex(two->sha1));
+				"index %.*s..%.*s",
+				abbrev, one_sha1, abbrev,
+				sha1_to_hex(two->sha1));
 		if (one->mode == two->mode)
 			len += snprintf(msg + len, sizeof(msg) - len,
 					" %06o", one->mode);
@@ -791,6 +793,8 @@ int diff_setup_done(struct diff_options *options)
 	}
 	if (options->setup & DIFF_SETUP_USE_SIZE_CACHE)
 		use_size_cache = 1;
+	if (options->abbrev <= 0 || 40 < options->abbrev)
+		options->abbrev = 40; /* full */
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -841,6 +845,10 @@ int diff_opt_parse(struct diff_options *options, const char **av, int ac)
 	}
 	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--find-copies-harder"))
 		options->find_copies_harder = 1;
+	else if (!strcmp(arg, "--abbrev"))
+		options->abbrev = DIFF_DEFAULT_ABBREV;
+	else if (!strncmp(arg, "--abbrev=", 9))
+		options->abbrev = strtoul(arg + 9, NULL, 10);
 	else
 		return 0;
 	return 1;
@@ -947,14 +955,49 @@ void diff_free_filepair(struct diff_filepair *p)
 	free(p);
 }
 
+/* This is different from find_unique_abbrev() in that
+ * it needs to deal with 0{40} SHA1.
+ */
+const char *diff_unique_abbrev(const unsigned char *sha1, int len)
+{
+	int abblen;
+	const char *abbrev;
+	if (len == 40)
+		return sha1_to_hex(sha1);
+
+	abbrev = find_unique_abbrev(sha1, len);
+	if (!abbrev) {
+		if (!memcmp(sha1, null_sha1, 20)) {
+			char *buf = sha1_to_hex(null_sha1);
+			if (len < 37)
+				strcpy(buf + len, "...");
+			return buf;
+		}
+		else 
+			return sha1_to_hex(sha1);
+	}
+	abblen = strlen(abbrev);
+	if (abblen < 37) {
+		static char hex[41];
+		if (len < abblen && abblen <= len + 2)
+			sprintf(hex, "%s%.*s", abbrev, len+3-abblen, "..");
+		else
+			sprintf(hex, "%s...", abbrev);
+		return hex;
+	}
+	return sha1_to_hex(sha1);
+}
+
 static void diff_flush_raw(struct diff_filepair *p,
 			   int line_termination,
 			   int inter_name_termination,
-			   int output_format)
+			   struct diff_options *options)
 {
 	int two_paths;
 	char status[10];
+	int abbrev = options->abbrev;
 	const char *path_one, *path_two;
+	int output_format = options->output_format;
 
 	path_one = p->one->path;
 	path_two = p->two->path;
@@ -985,8 +1028,10 @@ static void diff_flush_raw(struct diff_filepair *p,
 	}
 	if (output_format != DIFF_FORMAT_NAME_STATUS) {
 		printf(":%06o %06o %s ",
-		       p->one->mode, p->two->mode, sha1_to_hex(p->one->sha1));
+		       p->one->mode, p->two->mode,
-		printf("%s ", sha1_to_hex(p->two->sha1));
+		       diff_unique_abbrev(p->one->sha1, abbrev));
+		printf("%s ",
+		       diff_unique_abbrev(p->two->sha1, abbrev));
 	}
 	printf("%s%c%s", status, inter_name_termination, path_one);
 	if (two_paths)
@@ -1194,7 +1239,7 @@ void diff_flush(struct diff_options *options)
 		case DIFF_FORMAT_NAME_STATUS:
 			diff_flush_raw(p, line_termination,
 				       inter_name_termination,
-				       diff_output_format);
+				       options);
 			break;
 		case DIFF_FORMAT_NAME:
 			diff_flush_name(p,

diff.h

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ struct diff_options {
 	int reverse_diff;
 	int rename_limit;
 	int setup;
+	int abbrev;
 
 	change_fn_t change;
 	add_remove_fn_t add_remove;
@@ -87,6 +88,9 @@ extern int diff_setup_done(struct diff_options *);
 
 #define DIFF_PICKAXE_ALL	1
 
+#define DIFF_DEFAULT_INDEX_ABBREV	7 /* hex digits */
+#define DIFF_DEFAULT_ABBREV	7 /* hex digits */
+
 extern void diffcore_std(struct diff_options *);
 
 extern void diffcore_std_no_resolve(struct diff_options *);
@@ -98,7 +102,8 @@ extern void diffcore_std_no_resolve(struct diff_options *);
 "  -u            synonym for -p.\n" \
 "  --name-only   show only names of changed files.\n" \
 "  --name-status show names and status of changed files.\n" \
-"  --full-index  show full object name on index ines.\n" \
+"  --full-index  show full object name on index lines.\n" \
+"  --abbrev=<n>  abbreviate object names in diff-tree header and diff-raw.\n" \
 "  -R            swap input file pairs.\n" \
 "  -B            detect complete rewrites.\n" \
 "  -M            detect renames.\n" \
@@ -137,4 +142,6 @@ extern void diff_flush(struct diff_options*);
 #define DIFF_STATUS_FILTER_AON		'*'
 #define DIFF_STATUS_FILTER_BROKEN	'B'
 
+extern const char *diff_unique_abbrev(const unsigned char *, int);
+
 #endif /* DIFF_H */

diffcore-break.c

@@ -62,10 +62,14 @@ static int should_break(struct diff_filespec *src,
 		return 0; /* error but caught downstream */
 
 	base_size = ((src->size < dst->size) ? src->size : dst->size);
+	if (base_size < MINIMUM_BREAK_SIZE)
+		return 0; /* we do not break too small filepair */
 
 	delta = diff_delta(src->data, src->size,
 			   dst->data, dst->size,
 			   &delta_size, 0);
+	if (!delta)
+		return 0; /* error but caught downstream */
 
 	/* Estimate the edit size by interpreting delta. */
 	if (count_delta(delta, delta_size,
@@ -168,8 +172,7 @@ void diffcore_break(int break_score)
 		    !S_ISDIR(p->one->mode) && !S_ISDIR(p->two->mode) &&
 		    !strcmp(p->one->path, p->two->path)) {
 			if (should_break(p->one, p->two,
-					 break_score, &score) &&
+					 break_score, &score)) {
-			    MINIMUM_BREAK_SIZE <= p->one->size) {
 				/* Split this into delete and create */
 				struct diff_filespec *null_one, *null_two;
 				struct diff_filepair *dp;

fetch-clone.c

@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+#include "cache.h"
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+
+static int finish_pack(const char *pack_tmp_name, const char *me)
+{
+	int pipe_fd[2];
+	pid_t pid;
+	char idx[PATH_MAX];
+	char final[PATH_MAX];
+	char hash[41];
+	unsigned char sha1[20];
+	char *cp;
+	int err = 0;
+
+	if (pipe(pipe_fd) < 0)
+		die("%s: unable to set up pipe", me);
+
+	strcpy(idx, pack_tmp_name); /* ".git/objects/pack-XXXXXX" */
+	cp = strrchr(idx, '/');
+	memcpy(cp, "/pidx", 5);
+
+	pid = fork();
+	if (pid < 0)
+		die("git-clone-pack: unable to fork off git-index-pack");
+	if (!pid) {
+		close(0);
+		dup2(pipe_fd[1], 1);
+		close(pipe_fd[0]);
+		close(pipe_fd[1]);
+		execlp("git-index-pack","git-index-pack",
+		       "-o", idx, pack_tmp_name, NULL);
+		error("cannot exec git-index-pack <%s> <%s>",
+		      idx, pack_tmp_name);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	close(pipe_fd[1]);
+	if (read(pipe_fd[0], hash, 40) != 40) {
+		error("%s: unable to read from git-index-pack", me);
+		err = 1;
+	}
+	close(pipe_fd[0]);
+
+	for (;;) {
+		int status, code;
+		int retval = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+
+		if (retval < 0) {
+			if (errno == EINTR)
+				continue;
+			error("waitpid failed (%s)", strerror(retval));
+			goto error_die;
+		}
+		if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
+			int sig = WTERMSIG(status);
+			error("git-index-pack died of signal %d", sig);
+			goto error_die;
+		}
+		if (!WIFEXITED(status)) {
+			error("git-index-pack died of unnatural causes %d",
+			      status);
+			goto error_die;
+		}
+		code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+		if (code) {
+			error("git-index-pack died with error code %d", code);
+			goto error_die;
+		}
+		if (err)
+			goto error_die;
+		break;
+	}
+	hash[40] = 0;
+	if (get_sha1_hex(hash, sha1)) {
+		error("git-index-pack reported nonsense '%s'", hash);
+		goto error_die;
+	}
+	/* Now we have pack in pack_tmp_name[], and
+	 * idx in idx[]; rename them to their final names.
+	 */
+	snprintf(final, sizeof(final),
+		 "%s/pack/pack-%s.pack", get_object_directory(), hash);
+	move_temp_to_file(pack_tmp_name, final);
+	chmod(final, 0444);
+	snprintf(final, sizeof(final),
+		 "%s/pack/pack-%s.idx", get_object_directory(), hash);
+	move_temp_to_file(idx, final);
+	chmod(final, 0444);
+	return 0;
+
+ error_die:
+	unlink(idx);
+	unlink(pack_tmp_name);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+int receive_unpack_pack(int fd[2], const char *me, int quiet)
+{
+	int status;
+	pid_t pid;
+
+	pid = fork();
+	if (pid < 0)
+		die("%s: unable to fork off git-unpack-objects", me);
+	if (!pid) {
+		dup2(fd[0], 0);
+		close(fd[0]);
+		close(fd[1]);
+		execlp("git-unpack-objects", "git-unpack-objects",
+		       quiet ? "-q" : NULL, NULL);
+		die("git-unpack-objects exec failed");
+	}
+	close(fd[0]);
+	close(fd[1]);
+	while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) < 0) {
+		if (errno != EINTR)
+			die("waiting for git-unpack-objects: %s",
+			    strerror(errno));
+	}
+	if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
+		int code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+		if (code)
+			die("git-unpack-objects died with error code %d",
+			    code);
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
+		int sig = WTERMSIG(status);
+		die("git-unpack-objects died of signal %d", sig);
+	}
+	die("git-unpack-objects died of unnatural causes %d", status);
+}
+
+int receive_keep_pack(int fd[2], const char *me)
+{
+	char tmpfile[PATH_MAX];
+	int ofd, ifd;
+
+	ifd = fd[0];
+	snprintf(tmpfile, sizeof(tmpfile),
+		 "%s/pack/tmp-XXXXXX", get_object_directory());
+	ofd = mkstemp(tmpfile);
+	if (ofd < 0)
+		return error("unable to create temporary file %s", tmpfile);
+
+	while (1) {
+		char buf[8192];
+		ssize_t sz, wsz, pos;
+		sz = read(ifd, buf, sizeof(buf));
+		if (sz == 0)
+			break;
+		if (sz < 0) {
+			error("error reading pack (%s)", strerror(errno));
+			close(ofd);
+			unlink(tmpfile);
+			return -1;
+		}
+		pos = 0;
+		while (pos < sz) {
+			wsz = write(ofd, buf + pos, sz - pos);
+			if (wsz < 0) {
+				error("error writing pack (%s)",
+				      strerror(errno));
+				close(ofd);
+				unlink(tmpfile);
+				return -1;
+			}
+			pos += wsz;
+		}
+	}
+	close(ofd);
+	return finish_pack(tmpfile, me);
+}

fetch-pack.c

@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@
 #include "pkt-line.h"
 #include "commit.h"
 #include "tag.h"
-#include <time.h>
-#include <sys/wait.h>
 
+static int keep_pack;
 static int quiet;
 static int verbose;
 static const char fetch_pack_usage[] =
-"git-fetch-pack [-q] [-v] [--exec=upload-pack] [host:]directory <refs>...";
+"git-fetch-pack [-q] [-v] [-k] [--exec=upload-pack] [host:]directory <refs>...";
 static const char *exec = "git-upload-pack";
 
 #define COMPLETE	(1U << 0)
@@ -363,7 +362,6 @@ static int fetch_pack(int fd[2], int nr_match, char **match)
 	struct ref *ref;
 	unsigned char sha1[20];
 	int status;
-	pid_t pid;
 
 	get_remote_heads(fd[0], &ref, 0, NULL, 0);
 	if (server_supports("multi_ack")) {
@@ -381,40 +379,22 @@ static int fetch_pack(int fd[2], int nr_match, char **match)
 	}
 	if (find_common(fd, sha1, ref) < 0)
 		fprintf(stderr, "warning: no common commits\n");
-	pid = fork();
+
-	if (pid < 0)
+	if (keep_pack)
-		die("git-fetch-pack: unable to fork off git-unpack-objects");
+		status = receive_keep_pack(fd, "git-fetch-pack");
-	if (!pid) {
+	else
-		dup2(fd[0], 0);
+		status = receive_unpack_pack(fd, "git-fetch-pack", quiet);
-		close(fd[0]);
+
-		close(fd[1]);
+	if (status)
-		execlp("git-unpack-objects", "git-unpack-objects",
+		die("git-fetch-pack: fetch failed.");
-		       quiet ? "-q" : NULL, NULL);
+
-		die("git-unpack-objects exec failed");
+ all_done:
+	while (ref) {
+		printf("%s %s\n",
+		       sha1_to_hex(ref->old_sha1), ref->name);
+		ref = ref->next;
 	}
-	close(fd[0]);
+	return 0;
-	close(fd[1]);
-	while (waitpid(pid, &status, 0) < 0) {
-		if (errno != EINTR)
-			die("waiting for git-unpack-objects: %s", strerror(errno));
-	}
-	if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
-		int code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
-		if (code)
-			die("git-unpack-objects died with error code %d", code);
-all_done:
-		while (ref) {
-			printf("%s %s\n",
-			       sha1_to_hex(ref->old_sha1), ref->name);
-			ref = ref->next;
-		}
-		return 0;
-	}
-	if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
-		int sig = WTERMSIG(status);
-		die("git-unpack-objects died of signal %d", sig);
-	}
-	die("Sherlock Holmes! git-unpack-objects died of unnatural causes %d!", status);
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv)
@@ -436,10 +416,14 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 				exec = arg + 7;
 				continue;
 			}
-			if (!strcmp("-q", arg)) {
+			if (!strcmp("--quiet", arg) || !strcmp("-q", arg)) {
 				quiet = 1;
 				continue;
 			}
+			if (!strcmp("--keep", arg) || !strcmp("-k", arg)) {
+				keep_pack = 1;
+				continue;
+			}
 			if (!strcmp("-v", arg)) {
 				verbose = 1;
 				continue;

git-add.sh

@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-die () {
+USAGE='[-n] [-v] <file>...'
-    echo >&2 "$*"
+SUBDIRECTORY_OK='Yes'
-    exit 1
+. git-sh-setup
-}
-
-usage() {
-    die "usage: git add [-n] [-v] <file>..."
-}
 
 show_only=
 verbose=
@@ -29,8 +24,6 @@ while : ; do
   shift
 done
 
-GIT_DIR=$(git-rev-parse --git-dir) || exit
-
 if test -f "$GIT_DIR/info/exclude"
 then
 	git-ls-files -z \

git-am.sh

@@ -1,14 +1,10 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 #
 #
-. git-sh-setup
 
-usage () {
+USAGE='[--signoff] [--dotest=<dir>] [--utf8] [--binary] [--3way] <mbox>
-    echo >&2 "usage: $0 [--signoff] [--dotest=<dir>] [--utf8] [--binary] [--3way] <mbox>"
+  or, when resuming [--skip | --resolved]'
-    echo >&2 "	or, when resuming"
+. git-sh-setup
-    echo >&2 "	$0 [--skip | --resolved]"
-    exit 1;
-}
 
 stop_here () {
     echo "$1" >"$dotest/next"
@@ -164,10 +160,7 @@ else
 	# Start afresh.
 	mkdir -p "$dotest" || exit
 
-	# cat does the right thing for us, including '-' to mean
+	git-mailsplit -d"$prec" -o"$dotest" -b -- "$@" > "$dotest/last" ||  {
-	# standard input.
-	cat "$@" |
-	git-mailsplit -d$prec "$dotest/" >"$dotest/last" || {
 		rm -fr "$dotest"
 		exit 1
 	}
@@ -218,6 +211,7 @@ this=`cat "$dotest/next"`
 if test "$skip" = t
 then
 	this=`expr "$this" + 1`
+	resume=
 fi
 
 if test "$this" -gt "$last"
@@ -232,6 +226,7 @@ do
 	msgnum=`printf "%0${prec}d" $this`
 	next=`expr "$this" + 1`
 	test -f "$dotest/$msgnum" || {
+		resume=
 		go_next
 		continue
 	}
@@ -256,6 +251,13 @@ do
 	GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="$(sed -n '/^Author/ s/Author: //p' "$dotest/info")"
 	GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="$(sed -n '/^Email/ s/Email: //p' "$dotest/info")"
 	GIT_AUTHOR_DATE="$(sed -n '/^Date/ s/Date: //p' "$dotest/info")"
+
+	if test -z "$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL"
+	then
+		echo "Patch does not have a valid e-mail address."
+		stop_here $this
+	fi
+
 	export GIT_AUTHOR_NAME GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
 
 	SUBJECT="$(sed -n '/^Subject/ s/Subject: //p' "$dotest/info")"
@@ -312,7 +314,7 @@ do
 		echo "--------------------------"
 		cat "$dotest/final-commit"
 		echo "--------------------------"
-		echo -n "Apply? [y]es/[n]o/[e]dit/[v]iew patch/[a]ccept all "
+		printf "Apply? [y]es/[n]o/[e]dit/[v]iew patch/[a]ccept all "
 		read reply
 		case "$reply" in
 		[yY]*) action=yes ;;

git-applymbox.sh

@@ -18,13 +18,9 @@
 ##
 ## git-am is supposed to be the newer and better tool for this job.
 
+USAGE='[-u] [-k] [-q] [-m] (-c .dotest/<num> | mbox) [signoff]'
 . git-sh-setup
 
-usage () {
-    echo >&2 "applymbox [-u] [-k] [-q] [-m] (-c .dotest/<num> | mbox) [signoff]"
-    exit 1
-}
-
 keep_subject= query_apply= continue= utf8= resume=t
 while case "$#" in 0) break ;; esac
 do

git-applypatch.sh

@@ -10,8 +10,12 @@
 ##	$3 - "info" file with Author, email and subject
 ##	$4 - optional file containing signoff to add
 ##
+
+USAGE='<msg> <patch> <info> [<signoff>]'
 . git-sh-setup
 
+case "$#" in 3|4) ;; *) usage ;; esac
+
 final=.dotest/final-commit
 ##
 ## If this file exists, we ask before applying
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ while [ "$interactive" = yes ]; do
 	echo "--------------------------"
 	cat "$final"
 	echo "--------------------------"
-	echo -n "Apply? [y]es/[n]o/[e]dit/[a]ccept all "
+	printf "Apply? [y]es/[n]o/[e]dit/[a]ccept all "
 	read reply
 	case "$reply" in
 		y|Y) interactive=no;;

git-archimport.perl

@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@
 
 =head1 Invocation
 
-    git-archimport [ -h ] [ -v ] [ -T ] [ -t tempdir ] <archive>/<branch> [ <archive>/<branch> ]
+    git-archimport [ -h ] [ -v ] [ -o ] [ -a ] [ -f ] [ -T ] 
+    	[ -D depth] [ -t tempdir ] <archive>/<branch> [ <archive>/<branch> ]
 
 Imports a project from one or more Arch repositories. It will follow branches
 and repositories within the namespaces defined by the <archive/branch>
@@ -25,6 +26,9 @@ See man (1) git-archimport for more details.
  - audit shell-escaping of filenames
  - hide our private tags somewhere smarter
  - find a way to make "cat *patches | patch" safe even when patchfiles are missing newlines  
+ - sort and apply patches by graphing ancestry relations instead of just
+   relying in dates supplied in the changeset itself.
+   tla ancestry-graph -m could be helpful here...
 
 =head1 Devel tricks
 
@@ -53,15 +57,9 @@ and can contain multiple, unrelated branches.
 use strict;
 use warnings;
 use Getopt::Std;
-use File::Spec;
+use File::Temp qw(tempdir);
-use File::Temp qw(tempfile tempdir);
+use File::Path qw(mkpath rmtree);
-use File::Path qw(mkpath);
 use File::Basename qw(basename dirname);
-use String::ShellQuote;
-use Time::Local;
-use IO::Socket;
-use IO::Pipe;
-use POSIX qw(strftime dup2);
 use Data::Dumper qw/ Dumper /;
 use IPC::Open2;
 
@@ -72,124 +70,150 @@ my $git_dir = $ENV{"GIT_DIR"} || ".git";
 $ENV{"GIT_DIR"} = $git_dir;
 my $ptag_dir = "$git_dir/archimport/tags";
 
-our($opt_h,$opt_v, $opt_T,$opt_t,$opt_o);
+our($opt_h,$opt_f,$opt_v,$opt_T,$opt_t,$opt_D,$opt_a,$opt_o);
 
 sub usage() {
     print STDERR <<END;
 Usage: ${\basename $0}     # fetch/update GIT from Arch
-       [ -o ] [ -h ] [ -v ] [ -T ] [ -t tempdir ] 
+       [ -h ] [ -v ] [ -o ] [ -a ] [ -f ] [ -T ] [ -D depth ] [ -t tempdir ]
        repository/arch-branch [ repository/arch-branch] ...
 END
     exit(1);
 }
 
-getopts("Thvt:") or usage();
+getopts("fThvat:D:") or usage();
 usage if $opt_h;
 
 @ARGV >= 1 or usage();
-my @arch_roots = @ARGV;
+# $arch_branches:
+# values associated with keys:
+#   =1 - Arch version / git 'branch' detected via abrowse on a limit
+#   >1 - Arch version / git 'branch' of an auxilliary branch we've merged
+my %arch_branches = map { $_ => 1 } @ARGV;
 
-my ($tmpdir, $tmpdirname) = tempdir('git-archimport-XXXXXX', TMPDIR => 1, CLEANUP => 1);
+$ENV{'TMPDIR'} = $opt_t if $opt_t; # $ENV{TMPDIR} will affect tempdir() calls:
-my $tmp = $opt_t || 1;
+my $tmp = tempdir('git-archimport-XXXXXX', TMPDIR => 1, CLEANUP => 1);
-$tmp = tempdir('git-archimport-XXXXXX', TMPDIR => 1, CLEANUP => 1);
 $opt_v && print "+ Using $tmp as temporary directory\n";
 
+my %reachable = ();             # Arch repositories we can access
+my %unreachable = ();           # Arch repositories we can't access :<
 my @psets  = ();                # the collection
 my %psets  = ();                # the collection, by name
+my %stats  = (			# Track which strategy we used to import:
+	get_tag => 0, replay => 0, get_new => 0, get_delta => 0,
+        simple_changeset => 0, import_or_tag => 0
+);
 
 my %rptags = ();                # my reverse private tags
                                 # to map a SHA1 to a commitid
+my $TLA = $ENV{'ARCH_CLIENT'} || 'tla';
 
-foreach my $root (@arch_roots) {
+sub do_abrowse {
-    my ($arepo, $abranch) = split(m!/!, $root);
+    my $stage = shift;
-    open ABROWSE, "tla abrowse -f -A $arepo --desc --merges $abranch |" 
+    while (my ($limit, $level) = each %arch_branches) {
-        or die "Problems with tla abrowse: $!";
+        next unless $level == $stage;
-    
-    my %ps        = ();         # the current one
-    my $mode      = '';
-    my $lastseen  = '';
-    
-    while (<ABROWSE>) {
-        chomp;
         
-        # first record padded w 8 spaces
+	open ABROWSE, "$TLA abrowse -fkD --merges $limit |" 
-        if (s/^\s{8}\b//) {
+                                or die "Problems with tla abrowse: $!";
+    
+        my %ps        = ();         # the current one
+        my $lastseen  = '';
+    
+        while (<ABROWSE>) {
+            chomp;
             
-            # store the record we just captured
+            # first record padded w 8 spaces
-            if (%ps) {
+            if (s/^\s{8}\b//) {
-                my %temp = %ps; # break references
+                my ($id, $type) = split(m/\s+/, $_, 2);
-                push (@psets, \%temp);
-		$psets{$temp{id}} = \%temp;
-                %ps = ();
-            }
-            
-            my ($id, $type) = split(m/\s{3}/, $_);
-            $ps{id}   = $id;
-            $ps{repo} = $arepo;
 
-            # deal with types
+                my %last_ps;
-            if ($type =~ m/^\(simple changeset\)/) {
+                # store the record we just captured
-                $ps{type} = 's';
+                if (%ps && !exists $psets{ $ps{id} }) {
-            } elsif ($type eq '(initial import)') {
+                    %last_ps = %ps; # break references
-                $ps{type} = 'i';
+                    push (@psets, \%last_ps);
-            } elsif ($type =~ m/^\(tag revision of (.+)\)/) {
+                    $psets{ $last_ps{id} } = \%last_ps;
-                $ps{type} = 't';
-                $ps{tag}  = $1;
-            } else { 
-                warn "Unknown type $type";
-            }
-            $lastseen = 'id';
-        }
-        
-        if (s/^\s{10}//) { 
-            # 10 leading spaces or more 
-            # indicate commit metadata
-            
-            # date & author 
-            if ($lastseen eq 'id' && m/^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}/) {
-                
-                my ($date, $authoremail) = split(m/\s{2,}/, $_);
-                $ps{date}   = $date;
-                $ps{date}   =~ s/\bGMT$//; # strip off trailign GMT
-                if ($ps{date} =~ m/\b\w+$/) {
-                    warn 'Arch dates not in GMT?! - imported dates will be wrong';
                 }
-            
+                
-                $authoremail =~ m/^(.+)\s(\S+)$/;
+                my $branch = extract_versionname($id);
-                $ps{author} = $1;
+                %ps = ( id => $id, branch => $branch );
-                $ps{email}  = $2;
+                if (%last_ps && ($last_ps{branch} eq $branch)) {
-            
+                    $ps{parent_id} = $last_ps{id};
-                $lastseen = 'date';
+                }
-            
+                
-            } elsif ($lastseen eq 'date') {
+                $arch_branches{$branch} = 1;
-                # the only hint is position
+                $lastseen = 'id';
-                # subject is after date
-                $ps{subj} = $_;
-                $lastseen = 'subj';
-            
-            } elsif ($lastseen eq 'subj' && $_ eq 'merges in:') {
-                $ps{merges} = [];
-                $lastseen = 'merges';
-            
-            } elsif ($lastseen eq 'merges' && s/^\s{2}//) {
-                push (@{$ps{merges}}, $_);
-            } else {
-                warn 'more metadata after merges!?';
-            }
-            
-        }
-    }
 
-    if (%ps) {
+                # deal with types (should work with baz or tla):
-        my %temp = %ps;         # break references
+                if ($type =~ m/\(.*changeset\)/) {
-        push (@psets, \%temp);  
+                    $ps{type} = 's';
-	$psets{ $temp{id} } = \%temp;
+                } elsif ($type =~ /\(.*import\)/) {
-        %ps = ();
+                    $ps{type} = 'i';
-    }    
+                } elsif ($type =~ m/\(tag.*?(\S+\@\S+).*?\)/) {
-    close ABROWSE;
+                    $ps{type} = 't';
+                    # read which revision we've tagged when we parse the log
+                    $ps{tag}  = $1;
+                } else { 
+                    warn "Unknown type $type";
+                }
+
+                $arch_branches{$branch} = 1;
+                $lastseen = 'id';
+            } elsif (s/^\s{10}//) { 
+                # 10 leading spaces or more 
+                # indicate commit metadata
+                
+                # date
+                if ($lastseen eq 'id' && m/^(\d{4}-\d\d-\d\d \d\d:\d\d:\d\d)/){
+                    $ps{date}   = $1;
+                    $lastseen = 'date';
+                } elsif ($_ eq 'merges in:') {
+                    $ps{merges} = [];
+                    $lastseen = 'merges';
+                } elsif ($lastseen eq 'merges' && s/^\s{2}//) {
+                    my $id = $_;
+                    push (@{$ps{merges}}, $id);
+                   
+                    # aggressive branch finding:
+                    if ($opt_D) {
+                        my $branch = extract_versionname($id);
+                        my $repo = extract_reponame($branch);
+                        
+                        if (archive_reachable($repo) &&
+                                !defined $arch_branches{$branch}) {
+                            $arch_branches{$branch} = $stage + 1;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    warn "more metadata after merges!?: $_\n" unless /^\s*$/;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (%ps && !exists $psets{ $ps{id} }) {
+            my %temp = %ps;         # break references
+            if (@psets && $psets[$#psets]{branch} eq $ps{branch}) {
+                $temp{parent_id} = $psets[$#psets]{id};
+            }
+            push (@psets, \%temp);  
+            $psets{ $temp{id} } = \%temp;
+        }    
+        
+        close ABROWSE or die "$TLA abrowse failed on $limit\n";
+    }
 }                               # end foreach $root
 
+do_abrowse(1);
+my $depth = 2;
+$opt_D ||= 0;
+while ($depth <= $opt_D) {
+    do_abrowse($depth);
+    $depth++;
+}
+
 ## Order patches by time
+# FIXME see if we can find a more optimal way to do this by graphing
+# the ancestry data and walking it, that way we won't have to rely on
+# client-supplied dates
 @psets = sort {$a->{date}.$b->{id} cmp $b->{date}.$b->{id}} @psets;
 
 #print Dumper \@psets;
@@ -210,7 +234,7 @@ unless (-d $git_dir) { # initial import
     }
 } else {    # progressing an import
     # load the rptags
-    opendir(DIR, "$git_dir/archimport/tags")
+    opendir(DIR, $ptag_dir)
 	|| die "can't opendir: $!";
     while (my $file = readdir(DIR)) {
         # skip non-interesting-files
@@ -272,29 +296,69 @@ sub old_style_branchname {
 
 *git_branchname = $opt_o ? *old_style_branchname : *tree_dirname;
 
-# process patchsets
+sub process_patchset_accurate {
-foreach my $ps (@psets) {
+    my $ps = shift;
-    $ps->{branch} = git_branchname($ps->{id});
+    
+    # switch to that branch if we're not already in that branch:
+    if (-e "$git_dir/refs/heads/$ps->{branch}") {
+       system('git-checkout','-f',$ps->{branch}) == 0 or die "$! $?\n";
 
-    #
+       # remove any old stuff that got leftover:
-    # ensure we have a clean state 
+       my $rm = safe_pipe_capture('git-ls-files','--others','-z');
-    # 
+       rmtree(split(/\0/,$rm)) if $rm;
-    if (`git diff-files`) {
-        die "Unclean tree when about to process $ps->{id} " .
-            " - did we fail to commit cleanly before?";
     }
-    die $! if $?;
+    
+    # Apply the import/changeset/merge into the working tree
+    my $dir = sync_to_ps($ps);
+    # read the new log entry:
+    my @commitlog = safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'cat-log','-d',$dir,$ps->{id});
+    die "Error in cat-log: $!" if $?;
+    chomp @commitlog;
 
-    #
+    # grab variables we want from the log, new fields get added to $ps:
-    # skip commits already in repo
+    # (author, date, email, summary, message body ...)
-    #
+    parselog($ps, \@commitlog);
-    if (ptag($ps->{id})) {
-      $opt_v && print " * Skipping already imported: $ps->{id}\n";
-      next;
-    }
 
-    print " * Starting to work on $ps->{id}\n";
+    if ($ps->{id} =~ /--base-0$/ && $ps->{id} ne $psets[0]{id}) {
+        # this should work when importing continuations 
+        if ($ps->{tag} && (my $branchpoint = eval { ptag($ps->{tag}) })) {
+            
+            # find where we are supposed to branch from
+            system('git-checkout','-f','-b',$ps->{branch},
+                            $branchpoint) == 0 or die "$! $?\n";
+            
+            # remove any old stuff that got leftover:
+            my $rm = safe_pipe_capture('git-ls-files','--others','-z');
+            rmtree(split(/\0/,$rm)) if $rm;
 
+            # If we trust Arch with the fact that this is just 
+            # a tag, and it does not affect the state of the tree
+            # then we just tag and move on
+            tag($ps->{id}, $branchpoint);
+            ptag($ps->{id}, $branchpoint);
+            print " * Tagged $ps->{id} at $branchpoint\n";
+            return 0;
+        } else {
+            warn "Tagging from unknown id unsupported\n" if $ps->{tag};
+        }
+        # allow multiple bases/imports here since Arch supports cherry-picks
+        # from unrelated trees
+    } 
+    
+    # update the index with all the changes we got
+    system('git-ls-files --others -z | '.
+            'git-update-index --add -z --stdin') == 0 or die "$! $?\n";
+    system('git-ls-files --deleted -z | '.
+            'git-update-index --remove -z --stdin') == 0 or die "$! $?\n";
+    system('git-ls-files -z | '.
+             'git-update-index -z --stdin') == 0 or die "$! $?\n";
+    return 1;
+}
+
+# the native changeset processing strategy.  This is very fast, but
+# does not handle permissions or any renames involving directories
+sub process_patchset_fast {
+    my $ps = shift;
     # 
     # create the branch if needed
     #
@@ -305,7 +369,7 @@ foreach my $ps (@psets) {
     unless ($import) { # skip for import
         if ( -e "$git_dir/refs/heads/$ps->{branch}") {
             # we know about this branch
-            `git checkout    $ps->{branch}`;
+            system('git-checkout',$ps->{branch});
         } else {
             # new branch! we need to verify a few things
             die "Branch on a non-tag!" unless $ps->{type} eq 't';
@@ -314,7 +378,7 @@ foreach my $ps (@psets) {
                 unless $branchpoint;
             
             # find where we are supposed to branch from
-            `git checkout -b $ps->{branch} $branchpoint`;
+            system('git-checkout','-b',$ps->{branch},$branchpoint);
 
             # If we trust Arch with the fact that this is just 
             # a tag, and it does not affect the state of the tree
@@ -322,7 +386,7 @@ foreach my $ps (@psets) {
             tag($ps->{id}, $branchpoint);
             ptag($ps->{id}, $branchpoint);
             print " * Tagged $ps->{id} at $branchpoint\n";
-            next;
+            return 0;
         } 
         die $! if $?;
     } 
@@ -332,96 +396,128 @@ foreach my $ps (@psets) {
     # 
     if ($ps->{type} eq 'i' || $ps->{type} eq 't') {
         apply_import($ps) or die $!;
+        $stats{import_or_tag}++;
         $import=0;
     } elsif ($ps->{type} eq 's') {
         apply_cset($ps);
+        $stats{simple_changeset}++;
     }
 
     #
     # prepare update git's index, based on what arch knows
     # about the pset, resolve parents, etc
     #
-    my $tree;
     
-    my $commitlog = `tla cat-archive-log -A $ps->{repo} $ps->{id}`; 
+    my @commitlog = safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'cat-archive-log',$ps->{id}); 
     die "Error in cat-archive-log: $!" if $?;
         
-    # parselog will git-add/rm files
+    parselog($ps,\@commitlog);
-    # and generally prepare things for the commit
-    # NOTE: parselog will shell-quote filenames! 
-    my ($sum, $msg, $add, $del, $mod, $ren) = parselog($commitlog);
-    my $logmessage = "$sum\n$msg";
-
 
     # imports don't give us good info
     # on added files. Shame on them
-    if ($ps->{type} eq 'i' || $ps->{type} eq 't') { 
+    if ($ps->{type} eq 'i' || $ps->{type} eq 't') {
-        `find . -type f -print0 | grep -zv '^./$git_dir' | xargs -0 -l100 git-update-index --add`;
+        system('git-ls-files --others -z | '.
-        `git-ls-files --deleted -z | xargs --no-run-if-empty -0 -l100 git-update-index --remove`;
+                'git-update-index --add -z --stdin') == 0 or die "$! $?\n";
+        system('git-ls-files --deleted -z | '.
+                'git-update-index --remove -z --stdin') == 0 or die "$! $?\n";
     }
 
-    if (@$add) {
+    # TODO: handle removed_directories and renamed_directories:
+   
+    if (my $add = $ps->{new_files}) {
         while (@$add) {
             my @slice = splice(@$add, 0, 100);
-            my $slice = join(' ', @slice);          
+            system('git-update-index','--add','--',@slice) == 0 or
-            `git-update-index --add $slice`;
+                            die "Error in git-update-index --add: $! $?\n";
-            die "Error in git-update-index --add: $!" if $?;
         }
     }
-    if (@$del) {
+   
-        foreach my $file (@$del) {
+    if (my $del = $ps->{removed_files}) {
-            unlink $file or die "Problems deleting $file : $!";
+        unlink @$del;
-        }
         while (@$del) {
             my @slice = splice(@$del, 0, 100);
-            my $slice = join(' ', @slice);
+            system('git-update-index','--remove','--',@slice) == 0 or
-            `git-update-index --remove $slice`;
+                            die "Error in git-update-index --remove: $! $?\n";
-            die "Error in git-update-index --remove: $!" if $?;
         }
     }
-    if (@$ren) {                # renamed
+
+    if (my $ren = $ps->{renamed_files}) {                # renamed
         if (@$ren % 2) {
             die "Odd number of entries in rename!?";
         }
-        ;
+        
         while (@$ren) {
-            my $from = pop @$ren;
+            my $from = shift @$ren;
-            my $to   = pop @$ren;           
+            my $to   = shift @$ren;           
 
             unless (-d dirname($to)) {
                 mkpath(dirname($to)); # will die on err
             }
-            #print "moving $from $to";
+            # print "moving $from $to";
-            `mv $from $to`;
+            rename($from, $to) or die "Error renaming '$from' '$to': $!\n";
-            die "Error renaming $from $to : $!" if $?;
+            system('git-update-index','--remove','--',$from) == 0 or
-            `git-update-index --remove $from`;
+                            die "Error in git-update-index --remove: $! $?\n";
-            die "Error in git-update-index --remove: $!" if $?;
+            system('git-update-index','--add','--',$to) == 0 or
-            `git-update-index --add $to`;
+                            die "Error in git-update-index --add: $! $?\n";
-            die "Error in git-update-index --add: $!" if $?;
         }
-
     }
-    if (@$mod) {                # must be _after_ renames
+
+    if (my $mod = $ps->{modified_files}) {
         while (@$mod) {
             my @slice = splice(@$mod, 0, 100);
-            my $slice = join(' ', @slice);
+            system('git-update-index','--',@slice) == 0 or
-            `git-update-index $slice`;
+                            die "Error in git-update-index: $! $?\n";
-            die "Error in git-update-index: $!" if $?;
         }
     }
+    return 1; # we successfully applied the changeset
+}
+
+if ($opt_f) {
+    print "Will import patchsets using the fast strategy\n",
+            "Renamed directories and permission changes will be missed\n";
+    *process_patchset = *process_patchset_fast;
+} else {
+    print "Using the default (accurate) import strategy.\n",
+            "Things may be a bit slow\n";
+    *process_patchset = *process_patchset_accurate;
+}
+    
+foreach my $ps (@psets) {
+    # process patchsets
+    $ps->{branch} = git_branchname($ps->{id});
+
+    #
+    # ensure we have a clean state 
+    # 
+    if (my $dirty = `git-diff-files`) {
+        die "Unclean tree when about to process $ps->{id} " .
+            " - did we fail to commit cleanly before?\n$dirty";
+    }
+    die $! if $?;
+    
+    #
+    # skip commits already in repo
+    #
+    if (ptag($ps->{id})) {
+      $opt_v && print " * Skipping already imported: $ps->{id}\n";
+      next;
+    }
+
+    print " * Starting to work on $ps->{id}\n";
+
+    process_patchset($ps) or next;
 
     # warn "errors when running git-update-index! $!";
-    $tree = `git-write-tree`;
+    my $tree = `git-write-tree`;
     die "cannot write tree $!" if $?;
     chomp $tree;
-        
     
     #
     # Who's your daddy?
     #
     my @par;
     if ( -e "$git_dir/refs/heads/$ps->{branch}") {
-        if (open HEAD, "<$git_dir/refs/heads/$ps->{branch}") {
+        if (open HEAD, "<","$git_dir/refs/heads/$ps->{branch}") {
             my $p = <HEAD>;
             close HEAD;
             chomp $p;
@@ -436,7 +532,6 @@ foreach my $ps (@psets) {
     if ($ps->{merges}) {
         push @par, find_parents($ps);
     }
-    my $par = join (' ', @par);
 
     #    
     # Commit, tag and clean state
@@ -449,13 +544,14 @@ foreach my $ps (@psets) {
     $ENV{GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL} = $ps->{email};
     $ENV{GIT_COMMITTER_DATE}  = $ps->{date};
 
-    my ($pid, $commit_rh, $commit_wh);
+    my $pid = open2(*READER, *WRITER,'git-commit-tree',$tree,@par) 
-    $commit_rh = 'commit_rh';
-    $commit_wh = 'commit_wh';
-    
-    $pid = open2(*READER, *WRITER, "git-commit-tree $tree $par") 
         or die $!;
-    print WRITER $logmessage;   # write
+    print WRITER $ps->{summary},"\n";
+    print WRITER $ps->{message},"\n";
+    
+    # make it easy to backtrack and figure out which Arch revision this was:
+    print WRITER 'git-archimport-id: ',$ps->{id},"\n";
+    
     close WRITER;
     my $commitid = <READER>;    # read
     chomp $commitid;
@@ -468,7 +564,7 @@ foreach my $ps (@psets) {
     #
     # Update the branch
     # 
-    open  HEAD, ">$git_dir/refs/heads/$ps->{branch}";
+    open  HEAD, ">","$git_dir/refs/heads/$ps->{branch}";
     print HEAD $commitid;
     close HEAD;
     system('git-update-ref', 'HEAD', "$ps->{branch}");
@@ -482,21 +578,78 @@ foreach my $ps (@psets) {
     print "   + tree   $tree\n";
     print "   + commit $commitid\n";
     $opt_v && print "   + commit date is  $ps->{date} \n";
-    $opt_v && print "   + parents:  $par \n";
+    $opt_v && print "   + parents:  ",join(' ',@par),"\n";
+}
+
+if ($opt_v) {
+    foreach (sort keys %stats) {
+        print" $_: $stats{$_}\n";
+    }
+}
+exit 0;
+
+# used by the accurate strategy:
+sub sync_to_ps {
+    my $ps = shift;
+    my $tree_dir = $tmp.'/'.tree_dirname($ps->{id});
+    
+    $opt_v && print "sync_to_ps($ps->{id}) method: ";
+
+    if (-d $tree_dir) {
+        if ($ps->{type} eq 't') {
+	    $opt_v && print "get (tag)\n";
+            # looks like a tag-only or (worse,) a mixed tags/changeset branch,
+            # can't rely on replay to work correctly on these
+            rmtree($tree_dir);
+            safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'get','--no-pristine',$ps->{id},$tree_dir);
+            $stats{get_tag}++;
+        } else {
+                my $tree_id = arch_tree_id($tree_dir);
+                if ($ps->{parent_id} && ($ps->{parent_id} eq $tree_id)) {
+                    # the common case (hopefully)
+		    $opt_v && print "replay\n";
+                    safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'replay','-d',$tree_dir,$ps->{id});
+                    $stats{replay}++;
+                } else {
+                    # getting one tree is usually faster than getting two trees
+                    # and applying the delta ...
+                    rmtree($tree_dir);
+		    $opt_v && print "apply-delta\n";
+                    safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'get','--no-pristine',
+                                        $ps->{id},$tree_dir);
+                    $stats{get_delta}++;
+                }
+        }
+    } else {
+        # new branch work
+        $opt_v && print "get (new tree)\n";
+        safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'get','--no-pristine',$ps->{id},$tree_dir);
+        $stats{get_new}++;
+    }
+   
+    # added -I flag to rsync since we're going to fast! AIEEEEE!!!!
+    system('rsync','-aI','--delete','--exclude',$git_dir,
+#               '--exclude','.arch-inventory',
+                '--exclude','.arch-ids','--exclude','{arch}',
+                '--exclude','+*','--exclude',',*',
+                "$tree_dir/",'./') == 0 or die "Cannot rsync $tree_dir: $! $?";
+    return $tree_dir;
 }
 
 sub apply_import {
     my $ps = shift;
     my $bname = git_branchname($ps->{id});
 
-    `mkdir -p $tmp`;
+    mkpath($tmp);
 
-    `tla get -s --no-pristine -A $ps->{repo} $ps->{id} $tmp/import`;
+    safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'get','-s','--no-pristine',$ps->{id},"$tmp/import");
     die "Cannot get import: $!" if $?;    
-    `rsync -v --archive --delete --exclude '$git_dir' --exclude '.arch-ids' --exclude '{arch}' $tmp/import/* ./`;
+    system('rsync','-aI','--delete', '--exclude',$git_dir,
+		'--exclude','.arch-ids','--exclude','{arch}',
+		"$tmp/import/", './');
     die "Cannot rsync import:$!" if $?;
     
-    `rm -fr $tmp/import`;
+    rmtree("$tmp/import");
     die "Cannot remove tempdir: $!" if $?;
     
 
@@ -506,10 +659,10 @@ sub apply_import {
 sub apply_cset {
     my $ps = shift;
 
-    `mkdir -p $tmp`;
+    mkpath($tmp);
 
     # get the changeset
-    `tla get-changeset  -A $ps->{repo} $ps->{id} $tmp/changeset`;
+    safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'get-changeset',$ps->{id},"$tmp/changeset");
     die "Cannot get changeset: $!" if $?;
     
     # apply patches
@@ -533,22 +686,27 @@ sub apply_cset {
             $orig =~ s/\.modified$//; # lazy
             $orig =~ s!^\Q$tmp\E/changeset/patches/!!;
             #print "rsync -p '$mod' '$orig'";
-            `rsync -p $mod ./$orig`;
+            system('rsync','-p',$mod,"./$orig");
             die "Problem applying binary changes! $!" if $?;
         }
     }
 
     # bring in new files
-    `rsync --archive --exclude '$git_dir' --exclude '.arch-ids' --exclude '{arch}' $tmp/changeset/new-files-archive/* ./`;
+    system('rsync','-aI','--exclude',$git_dir,
+    		'--exclude','.arch-ids',
+		'--exclude', '{arch}',
+		"$tmp/changeset/new-files-archive/",'./');
 
     # deleted files are hinted from the commitlog processing
 
-    `rm -fr $tmp/changeset`;
+    rmtree("$tmp/changeset");
 }
 
 
 # =for reference
-# A log entry looks like 
+# notes: *-files/-directories keys cannot have spaces, they're always
+# pika-escaped.  Everything after the first newline
+# A log entry looks like:
 # Revision: moodle-org--moodle--1.3.3--patch-15
 # Archive: arch-eduforge@catalyst.net.nz--2004
 # Creator: Penny Leach <penny@catalyst.net.nz>
@@ -566,70 +724,85 @@ sub apply_cset {
 #     admin/editor.html backup/lib.php backup/restore.php
 # New-patches: arch-eduforge@catalyst.net.nz--2004/moodle-org--moodle--1.3.3--patch-15
 # Summary: Updating to latest from MOODLE_14_STABLE (1.4.5+)
+#   summary can be multiline with a leading space just like the above fields
 # Keywords:
 #
 # Updating yadda tadda tadda madda
 sub parselog {
-    my $log = shift;
+    my ($ps, $log) = @_;
-    #print $log;
+    my $key = undef;
 
-    my (@add, @del, @mod, @ren, @kw, $sum, $msg );
+    # headers we want that contain filenames:
-
+    my %want_headers = (
-    if ($log =~ m/(?:\n|^)New-files:(.*?)(?=\n\w)/s ) {
+        new_files => 1,
-        my $files = $1;
+        modified_files => 1,
-        @add = split(m/\s+/s, $files);
+        renamed_files => 1,
-    }
+        renamed_directories => 1,
-       
+        removed_files => 1,
-    if ($log =~ m/(?:\n|^)Removed-files:(.*?)(?=\n\w)/s ) {
+        removed_directories => 1,
-        my $files = $1;
+    );
-        @del = split(m/\s+/s, $files);
-    }
     
-    if ($log =~ m/(?:\n|^)Modified-files:(.*?)(?=\n\w)/s ) {
+    chomp (@$log);
-        my $files = $1;
+    while ($_ = shift @$log) {
-        @mod = split(m/\s+/s, $files);
+        if (/^Continuation-of:\s*(.*)/) {
+            $ps->{tag} = $1;
+            $key = undef;
+        } elsif (/^Summary:\s*(.*)$/ ) {
+            # summary can be multiline as long as it has a leading space
+            $ps->{summary} = [ $1 ];
+            $key = 'summary';
+        } elsif (/^Creator: (.*)\s*<([^\>]+)>/) {
+            $ps->{author} = $1;
+            $ps->{email} = $2;
+            $key = undef;
+        # any *-files or *-directories can be read here:
+        } elsif (/^([A-Z][a-z\-]+):\s*(.*)$/) {
+            my $val = $2;
+            $key = lc $1;
+            $key =~ tr/-/_/; # too lazy to quote :P
+            if ($want_headers{$key}) {
+                push @{$ps->{$key}}, split(/\s+/, $val);
+            } else {
+                $key = undef;
+            }
+        } elsif (/^$/) {
+            last; # remainder of @$log that didn't get shifted off is message
+        } elsif ($key) {
+            if (/^\s+(.*)$/) {
+                if ($key eq 'summary') {
+                    push @{$ps->{$key}}, $1;
+                } else { # files/directories:
+                    push @{$ps->{$key}}, split(/\s+/, $1);
+                }
+            } else {
+                $key = undef;
+            }
+        }
     }
+   
+    # post-processing:
+    $ps->{summary} = join("\n",@{$ps->{summary}})."\n";
+    $ps->{message} = join("\n",@$log);
     
-    if ($log =~ m/(?:\n|^)Renamed-files:(.*?)(?=\n\w)/s ) {
+    # skip Arch control files, unescape pika-escaped files
-        my $files = $1;
+    foreach my $k (keys %want_headers) {
-        @ren = split(m/\s+/s, $files);
+        next unless (defined $ps->{$k});
-    }
-
-    $sum ='';
-    if ($log =~ m/^Summary:(.+?)$/m ) {
-        $sum = $1;
-        $sum =~ s/^\s+//;
-        $sum =~ s/\s+$//;
-    }
-
-    $msg = '';
-    if ($log =~ m/\n\n(.+)$/s) {
-        $msg = $1;
-        $msg =~ s/^\s+//;
-        $msg =~ s/\s+$//;
-    }
-
-
-    # cleanup the arrays
-    foreach my $ref ( (\@add, \@del, \@mod, \@ren) ) {
         my @tmp = ();
-        while (my $t = pop @$ref) {
+        foreach my $t (@{$ps->{$k}}) {
-            next unless length ($t);
+           next unless length ($t);
-            next if $t =~ m!\{arch\}/!;
+           next if $t =~ m!\{arch\}/!;
-            next if $t =~ m!\.arch-ids/!;
+           next if $t =~ m!\.arch-ids/!;
-            next if $t =~ m!\.arch-inventory$!;
+           # should we skip this?
+           next if $t =~ m!\.arch-inventory$!;
            # tla cat-archive-log will give us filenames with spaces as file\(sp)name - why?
            # we can assume that any filename with \ indicates some pika escaping that we want to get rid of.
-           if  ($t =~ /\\/ ){
+           if ($t =~ /\\/ ){
-               $t = `tla escape --unescaped '$t'`;
+               $t = (safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'escape','--unescaped',$t))[0];
            }
-            push (@tmp, shell_quote($t));
+           push @tmp, $t;
         }
-        @$ref = @tmp;
+        $ps->{$k} = \@tmp;
     }
-    
-    #print Dumper [$sum, $msg, \@add, \@del, \@mod, \@ren]; 
-    return       ($sum, $msg, \@add, \@del, \@mod, \@ren); 
 }
 
 # write/read a tag
@@ -826,8 +999,11 @@ sub find_parents {
 	    }
 	}
     }
-    @parents = keys %parents;
+
-    @parents = map { " -p " . ptag($_) } @parents;
+    @parents = ();
+    foreach (keys %parents) {
+        push @parents, '-p', ptag($_);
+    }
     return @parents;
 }
 
@@ -850,3 +1026,45 @@ sub commitid2pset {
 	|| (print Dumper(sort keys %psets)) && die "Cannot find patchset for $name";
     return $ps;
 }
+
+
+# an alterative to `command` that allows input to be passed as an array
+# to work around shell problems with weird characters in arguments
+sub safe_pipe_capture {
+    my @output;
+    if (my $pid = open my $child, '-|') {
+        @output = (<$child>);
+        close $child or die join(' ',@_).": $! $?";
+    } else {
+	exec(@_) or die "$! $?"; # exec() can fail the executable can't be found
+    }
+    return wantarray ? @output : join('',@output);
+}
+
+# `tla logs -rf -d <dir> | head -n1` or `baz tree-id <dir>`
+sub arch_tree_id {
+    my $dir = shift;
+    chomp( my $ret = (safe_pipe_capture($TLA,'logs','-rf','-d',$dir))[0] );
+    return $ret;
+}
+
+sub archive_reachable {
+    my $archive = shift;
+    return 1 if $reachable{$archive};
+    return 0 if $unreachable{$archive};
+    
+    if (system "$TLA whereis-archive $archive >/dev/null") {
+        if ($opt_a && (system($TLA,'register-archive',
+                      "http://mirrors.sourcecontrol.net/$archive") == 0)) {
+            $reachable{$archive} = 1;
+            return 1;
+        }
+        print STDERR "Archive is unreachable: $archive\n";
+        $unreachable{$archive} = 1;
+        return 0;
+    } else {
+        $reachable{$archive} = 1;
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
+

git-bisect.sh

@@ -1,4 +1,15 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+
+USAGE='[start|bad|good|next|reset|visualize]'
+LONG_USAGE='git bisect start [<pathspec>]	reset bisect state and start bisection.
+git bisect bad [<rev>]		mark <rev> a known-bad revision.
+git bisect good [<rev>...]	mark <rev>... known-good revisions.
+git bisect next			find next bisection to test and check it out.
+git bisect reset [<branch>]	finish bisection search and go back to branch.
+git bisect visualize            show bisect status in gitk.
+git bisect replay <logfile>	replay bisection log
+git bisect log			show bisect log.'
+
 . git-sh-setup
 
 sq() {
@@ -11,19 +22,6 @@ sq() {
 	' "$@"
 }
 
-usage() {
-    echo >&2 'usage: git bisect [start|bad|good|next|reset|visualize]
-git bisect start [<pathspec>]	reset bisect state and start bisection.
-git bisect bad [<rev>]		mark <rev> a known-bad revision.
-git bisect good [<rev>...]	mark <rev>... known-good revisions.
-git bisect next			find next bisection to test and check it out.
-git bisect reset [<branch>]	finish bisection search and go back to branch.
-git bisect visualize            show bisect status in gitk.
-git bisect replay <logfile>	replay bisection log
-git bisect log			show bisect log.'
-    exit 1
-}
-
 bisect_autostart() {
 	test -d "$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect" || {
 		echo >&2 'You need to start by "git bisect start"'
@@ -67,7 +65,7 @@ bisect_start() {
 	rm -rf "$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect/"
 	mkdir "$GIT_DIR/refs/bisect"
 	{
-	    echo -n "git-bisect start"
+	    printf "git-bisect start"
 	    sq "$@"
 	} >"$GIT_DIR/BISECT_LOG"
 	sq "$@" >"$GIT_DIR/BISECT_NAMES"

git-branch.sh

@@ -1,21 +1,12 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
-GIT_DIR=`git-rev-parse --git-dir` || exit $?
+USAGE='[-d <branch>] | [[-f] <branch> [start-point]]'
-
+LONG_USAGE='If no arguments, show available branches and mark current branch with a star.
-die () {
-    echo >&2 "$*"
-    exit 1
-}
-
-usage () {
-    echo >&2 "usage: $(basename $0)"' [-d <branch>] | [[-f] <branch> [start-point]]
-
-If no arguments, show available branches and mark current branch with a star.
 If one argument, create a new branch <branchname> based off of current HEAD.
-If two arguments, create a new branch <branchname> based off of <start-point>.
+If two arguments, create a new branch <branchname> based off of <start-point>.'
-'
+
-    exit 1
+SUBDIRECTORY_OK='Yes'
-}
+. git-sh-setup
 
 headref=$(git-symbolic-ref HEAD | sed -e 's|^refs/heads/||')
 
@@ -41,11 +32,11 @@ delete_branch () {
 	    case " $mbs " in
 	    *' '$branch' '*)
 		# the merge base of branch and HEAD contains branch --
-		# which means that the HEAD contains everything in the HEAD.
+		# which means that the HEAD contains everything in both.
 		;;
 	    *)
 		echo >&2 "The branch '$branch_name' is not a strict subset of your current HEAD.
-    If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D $branch_name'."
+If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D $branch_name'."
 		exit 1
 		;;
 	    esac

git-checkout.sh

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
-. git-sh-setup
 
-usage () {
+USAGE='[-f] [-b <new_branch>] [<branch>] [<paths>...]'
-    die "usage: git checkout [-f] [-b <new_branch>] [<branch>] [<paths>...]"
+. git-sh-setup
-}
 
 old=$(git-rev-parse HEAD)
 new=
@@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ else
 fi
 
 # 
-# Switch the HEAD pointer to the new branch if it we
+# Switch the HEAD pointer to the new branch if we
 # checked out a branch head, and remove any potential
 # old MERGE_HEAD's (subsequent commits will clearly not
 # be based on them, since we re-set the index)

git-cherry.sh

@@ -3,11 +3,8 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2005 Junio C Hamano.
 #
 
-. git-sh-setup
+USAGE='[-v] <upstream> [<head>]'
-
+LONG_USAGE='             __*__*__*__*__> <upstream>
-usage="usage: $0 "'[-v] <upstream> [<head>]
-
-             __*__*__*__*__> <upstream>
             /
   fork-point
             \__+__+__+__+__+__+__+__> <head>
@@ -16,8 +13,8 @@ Each commit between the fork-point and <head> is examined, and
 compared against the change each commit between the fork-point and
 <upstream> introduces.  If the change seems to be in the upstream,
 it is shown on the standard output with prefix "+".  Otherwise
-it is shown with prefix "-".
+it is shown with prefix "-".'
-'
+. git-sh-setup
 
 case "$1" in -v) verbose=t; shift ;; esac 
 
@@ -35,7 +32,7 @@ case "$#" in
 2) upstream=`git-rev-parse --verify "$1"` &&
    ours=`git-rev-parse --verify "$2"` || exit
    ;;
-*) echo >&2 "$usage"; exit 1 ;;
+*) usage ;;
 esac
 
 # Note that these list commits in reverse order;

git-clone.sh

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 unset CDPATH
 
 usage() {
-	echo >&2 "* git clone [-l [-s]] [-q] [-u <upload-pack>] [-n] <repo> [<dir>]"
+	echo >&2 "Usage: $0 [-l [-s]] [-q] [-u <upload-pack>] [-n] <repo> [<dir>]"
 	exit 1
 }
 
@@ -188,7 +188,10 @@ yes,yes)
 		cd "$D" && case "$upload_pack" in
 		'') git-clone-pack $quiet "$repo" ;;
 		*) git-clone-pack $quiet "$upload_pack" "$repo" ;;
-		esac
+		esac || {
+			echo >&2 "clone-pack from '$repo' failed."
+			exit 1
+		}
 		;;
 	esac
 	;;

git-commit.sh

@@ -3,12 +3,9 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2005 Linus Torvalds
 #
 
+USAGE='[-a] [-s] [-v | --no-verify]  [-m <message> | -F <logfile> | (-C|-c) <commit>] [-e] [<path>...]'
 . git-sh-setup
 
-usage () {
-	die 'git commit [-a] [-s] [-v | --no-verify]  [-m <message> | -F <logfile> | (-C|-c) <commit>] [-e] [<path>...]'
-}
-
 all= logfile= use_commit= no_edit= log_given= log_message= verify=t signoff=
 while case "$#" in 0) break;; esac
 do

git-compat-util.h

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+#ifndef GIT_COMPAT_UTIL_H
+#define GIT_COMPAT_UTIL_H
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#define NORETURN __attribute__((__noreturn__))
+#else
+#define NORETURN
+#ifndef __attribute__
+#define __attribute__(x)
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* General helper functions */
+extern void usage(const char *err) NORETURN;
+extern void die(const char *err, ...) NORETURN __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+extern int error(const char *err, ...) __attribute__((format (printf, 1, 2)));
+
+#ifdef NO_MMAP
+
+#ifndef PROT_READ
+#define PROT_READ 1
+#define PROT_WRITE 2
+#define MAP_PRIVATE 1
+#define MAP_FAILED ((void*)-1)
+#endif
+
+#define mmap gitfakemmap
+#define munmap gitfakemunmap
+extern void *gitfakemmap(void *start, size_t length, int prot , int flags, int fd, off_t offset);
+extern int gitfakemunmap(void *start, size_t length);
+
+#else /* NO_MMAP */
+
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+#endif /* NO_MMAP */
+
+#ifdef NO_SETENV
+#define setenv gitsetenv
+extern int gitsetenv(const char *, const char *, int);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NO_STRCASESTR
+#define strcasestr gitstrcasestr
+extern char *gitstrcasestr(const char *haystack, const char *needle);
+#endif
+
+static inline void *xmalloc(size_t size)
+{
+	void *ret = malloc(size);
+	if (!ret)
+		die("Out of memory, malloc failed");
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static inline void *xrealloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
+{
+	void *ret = realloc(ptr, size);
+	if (!ret)
+		die("Out of memory, realloc failed");
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static inline void *xcalloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size)
+{
+	void *ret = calloc(nmemb, size);
+	if (!ret)
+		die("Out of memory, calloc failed");
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static inline ssize_t xread(int fd, void *buf, size_t len)
+{
+	ssize_t nr;
+	while (1) {
+		nr = read(fd, buf, len);
+		if ((nr < 0) && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR))
+			continue;
+		return nr;
+	}
+}
+
+static inline ssize_t xwrite(int fd, const void *buf, size_t len)
+{
+	ssize_t nr;
+	while (1) {
+		nr = write(fd, buf, len);
+		if ((nr < 0) && (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EINTR))
+			continue;
+		return nr;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Sane ctype - no locale, and works with signed chars */
+#undef isspace
+#undef isdigit
+#undef isalpha
+#undef isalnum
+#undef tolower
+#undef toupper
+extern unsigned char sane_ctype[256];
+#define GIT_SPACE 0x01
+#define GIT_DIGIT 0x02
+#define GIT_ALPHA 0x04
+#define sane_istest(x,mask) ((sane_ctype[(unsigned char)(x)] & (mask)) != 0)
+#define isspace(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_SPACE)
+#define isdigit(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_DIGIT)
+#define isalpha(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_ALPHA)
+#define isalnum(x) sane_istest(x,GIT_ALPHA | GIT_DIGIT)
+#define tolower(x) sane_case((unsigned char)(x), 0x20)
+#define toupper(x) sane_case((unsigned char)(x), 0)
+
+static inline int sane_case(int x, int high)
+{
+	if (sane_istest(x, GIT_ALPHA))
+		x = (x & ~0x20) | high;
+	return x;
+}
+
+#ifndef MAXPATHLEN
+#define MAXPATHLEN 256
+#endif
+#endif

git-diff.sh

@@ -3,15 +3,14 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2005 Linus Torvalds
 # Copyright (c) 2005 Junio C Hamano
 
+USAGE='[ --diff-options ] <ent>{0,2} [<path>...]'
+SUBDIRECTORY_OK='Yes'
+. git-sh-setup
+
 rev=$(git-rev-parse --revs-only --no-flags --sq "$@") || exit
 flags=$(git-rev-parse --no-revs --flags --sq "$@")
 files=$(git-rev-parse --no-revs --no-flags --sq "$@")
 
-die () {
-    echo >&2 "$*"
-    exit 1
-}
-
 # I often say 'git diff --cached -p' and get scolded by git-diff-files, but
 # obviously I mean 'git diff --cached -p HEAD' in that case.
 case "$rev" in
@@ -40,8 +39,7 @@ esac
 
 case "$rev" in
 ?*' '?*' '?*)
-	echo >&2 "I don't understand"
+	usage
-	exit 1
 	;;
 ?*' '^?*)
 	begin=$(expr "$rev" : '.*^.\([0-9a-f]*\).*') &&
@@ -58,7 +56,7 @@ case "$rev" in
 	cmd="git-diff-files $flags -- $files"
 	;;
 *)
-	die "I don't understand $*"
+	usage
 	;;
 esac
 

git-fetch.sh

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 #
+
+USAGE='<fetch-options> <repository> <refspec>...'
 . git-sh-setup
 . git-parse-remote
 _x40='[0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f][0-9a-f]'
@@ -34,6 +36,9 @@ do
 	-v|--verbose)
 		verbose=Yes
 		;;
+	-*)
+		usage
+		;;
 	*)
 		break
 		;;

git-format-patch.sh

@@ -3,19 +3,8 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2005 Junio C Hamano
 #
 
-. git-sh-setup
+USAGE='[-n | -k] [-o <dir> | --stdout] [--signoff] [--check] [--mbox] [--diff-options] <upstream> [<our-head>]'
-
+LONG_USAGE='Prepare each commit with its patch since our-head forked from upstream,
-# Force diff to run in C locale.
-LANG=C LC_ALL=C
-export LANG LC_ALL
-
-usage () {
-    echo >&2 "usage: $0"' [-n] [-o dir | --stdout] [--keep-subject] [--mbox]
-    [--check] [--signoff] [-<diff options>...]
-    [--help]
-    ( from..to ... | upstream [ our-head ] )
-
-Prepare each commit with its patch since our-head forked from upstream,
 one file per patch, for e-mail submission.  Each output file is
 numbered sequentially from 1, and uses the first line of the commit
 message (massaged for pathname safety) as the filename.
@@ -28,10 +17,12 @@ as "[PATCH N/M] Subject", unless you have only one patch.
 
 When --mbox is specified, the output is formatted to resemble
 UNIX mailbox format, and can be concatenated together for processing
-with applymbox.
+with applymbox.'
-'
+. git-sh-setup
-    exit 1
+
-}
+# Force diff to run in C locale.
+LANG=C LC_ALL=C
+export LANG LC_ALL
 
 diff_opts=
 LF='
@@ -219,6 +210,8 @@ Date: '"$ad"
 	}
 
 	mailScript="$mailScript"'
+	a\
+
 	: body
 	p
 	n
@@ -254,6 +247,15 @@ Date: '"$ad"
 }
 
 total=`wc -l <$series | tr -dc "[0-9]"`
+case "$total,$numbered" in
+1,*)
+	numfmt='' ;;
+*,t)
+	numfmt=`echo "$total" | wc -c`
+	numfmt=$(($numfmt-1))
+	numfmt=" %0${numfmt}d/$total"
+esac
+
 i=1
 while read commit
 do
@@ -262,10 +264,7 @@ do
     case "$numbered" in
     '') num= ;;
     *)
-	case $total in
+        num=`printf "$numfmt" $i` ;;
-	1) num= ;;
-	*) num=' '`printf "%d/%d" $i $total` ;;
-	esac
     esac
 
     file=`printf '%04d-%stxt' $i "$title"`

git-grep.sh

@@ -3,6 +3,10 @@
 # Copyright (c) Linus Torvalds, 2005
 #
 
+USAGE='<option>... <pattern> <path>...'
+SUBDIRECTORY_OK='Yes'
+. git-sh-setup
+
 pattern=
 flags=()
 git_flags=()
@@ -40,8 +44,7 @@ while : ; do
 	shift
 done
 [ "$pattern" ] || {
-	echo >&2 "usage: 'git grep <pattern> [pathspec*]'"
+	usage
-	exit 1
 }
 git-ls-files -z "${git_flags[@]}" "$@" |
 	xargs -0 grep "${flags[@]}" -e "$pattern"

git-log.sh

@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2005 Linus Torvalds
 #
 
-# This one uses only subdirectory-aware commands, so no need to
+USAGE='[--max-count=<n>] [<since>..<limit>] [--pretty=<format>] [git-rev-list options]'
-# include sh-setup-script.
+SUBDIRECTORY_OK='Yes'
+. git-sh-setup
 
 revs=$(git-rev-parse --revs-only --no-flags --default HEAD "$@") || exit
 [ "$revs" ] || {
-	echo >&2 "No HEAD ref"
+	die "No HEAD ref"
-	exit 1
 }
 git-rev-list --pretty $(git-rev-parse --default HEAD "$@") |
 LESS=-S ${PAGER:-less}