Git 2.0.3

Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <gitster@pobox.com>

.mailmap

@@ -202,6 +202,7 @@ Seth Falcon <seth@userprimary.net> <sfalcon@fhcrc.org>
 Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>
 Simon Hausmann <hausmann@kde.org> <simon@lst.de>
 Simon Hausmann <hausmann@kde.org> <shausman@trolltech.com>
+Stefan Beller <stefanbeller@gmail.com> <stefanbeller@googlemail.com>
 Stefan Naewe <stefan.naewe@gmail.com> <stefan.naewe@atlas-elektronik.com>
 Stefan Naewe <stefan.naewe@gmail.com> <stefan.naewe@googlemail.com>
 Stefan Sperling <stsp@elego.de> <stsp@stsp.name>

Documentation/CodingGuidelines

@@ -264,6 +264,15 @@ For Python scripts:
    documentation for version 2.6 does not mention this prefix, it has
    been supported since version 2.6.0.
 
+Error Messages
+
+ - Do not end error messages with a full stop.
+
+ - Do not capitalize ("unable to open %s", not "Unable to open %s")
+
+ - Say what the error is first ("cannot open %s", not "%s: cannot open")
+
+
 Writing Documentation:
 
  Most (if not all) of the documentation pages are written in the

Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.2.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Git v2.0.2 Release Notes
+========================
+
+ * Documentation for "git submodule sync" forgot to say that the subcommand
+   can take the "--recursive" option.
+
+ * Mishandling of patterns in .gitignore that has trailing SPs quoted
+   with backslashes (e.g. ones that end with "\ ") have been
+   corrected.
+
+ * Recent updates to "git repack" started to duplicate objects that
+   are in packfiles marked with .keep flag into the new packfile by
+   mistake.
+
+ * "git clone -b brefs/tags/bar" would have mistakenly thought we were
+   following a single tag, even though it was a name of the branch,
+   because it incorrectly used strstr().
+
+ * "%G" (nothing after G) is an invalid pretty format specifier, but
+   the parser did not notice it as garbage.
+
+ * Code to avoid adding the same alternate object store twice was
+   subtly broken for a long time, but nobody seems to have noticed.
+
+ * A handful of code paths had to read the commit object more than
+   once when showing header fields that are usually not parsed.  The
+   internal data structure to keep track of the contents of the commit
+   object has been updated to reduce the need for this double-reading,
+   and to allow the caller find the length of the object.
+
+ * During "git rebase --merge", a conflicted patch could not be
+   skipped with "--skip" if the next one also conflicted.

Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.3.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Git v2.0.3 Release Notes
+========================
+
+ * An ancient rewrite passed a wrong pointer to a curl library
+   function in a rarely used code path.
+
+ * "filter-branch" left an empty single-parent commit that results when
+   all parents of a merge commit gets mapped to the same commit, even
+   under "--prune-empty".
+
+ * "log --show-signature" incorrectly decided the color to paint a
+   mergetag that was and was not correctly validated.
+
+ * "log --show-signature" did not pay attention to "--graph" option.
+
+Also a lot of fixes to the tests and some updates to the docs are
+included.

Documentation/git-rev-parse.txt

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ eval "set -- $(git rev-parse --sq --prefix "$prefix" "$@")"
 +
 If you want to make sure that the output actually names an object in
 your object database and/or can be used as a specific type of object
-you require, you can add "^{type}" peeling operator to the parameter.
+you require, you can add "\^{type}" peeling operator to the parameter.
 For example, `git rev-parse "$VAR^{commit}"` will make sure `$VAR`
 names an existing object that is a commit-ish (i.e. a commit, or an
 annotated tag that points at a commit).  To make sure that `$VAR`

Documentation/git-submodule.txt

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ SYNOPSIS
 'git submodule' [--quiet] summary [--cached|--files] [(-n|--summary-limit) <n>]
 	      [commit] [--] [<path>...]
 'git submodule' [--quiet] foreach [--recursive] <command>
-'git submodule' [--quiet] sync [--] [<path>...]
+'git submodule' [--quiet] sync [--recursive] [--] [<path>...]
 
 
 DESCRIPTION

Documentation/git.txt

@@ -43,9 +43,11 @@ unreleased) version of Git, that is available from 'master'
 branch of the `git.git` repository.
 Documentation for older releases are available here:
 
-* link:v2.0.1/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.1]
+* link:v2.0.3/git.html[documentation for release 2.0.3]
 
 * release notes for
+  link:RelNotes/2.0.3.txt[2.0.3],
+  link:RelNotes/2.0.2.txt[2.0.2],
   link:RelNotes/2.0.1.txt[2.0.1],
   link:RelNotes/2.0.0.txt[2.0.0].
 
@@ -1043,7 +1045,7 @@ Authors
 -------
 Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by Junio
 C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git mailing list
-<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.ohloh.net/p/git/contributors/summary
+<git@vger.kernel.org>.  http://www.openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary
 gives you a more complete list of contributors.
 
 If you have a clone of git.git itself, the

Documentation/glossary-content.txt

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [[def_alternate_object_database]]alternate object database::
 	Via the alternates mechanism, a <<def_repository,repository>>
 	can inherit part of its <<def_object_database,object database>>
-	from another object database, which is called "alternate".
+	from another object database, which is called an "alternate".
 
 [[def_bare_repository]]bare repository::
 	A bare repository is normally an appropriately

Documentation/technical/api-strbuf.txt

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ use the mem* functions than a str* one (memchr vs. strchr e.g.).
 Though, one has to be careful about the fact that str* functions often
 stop on NULs and that strbufs may have embedded NULs.
 
-An strbuf is NUL terminated for convenience, but no function in the
+A strbuf is NUL terminated for convenience, but no function in the
 strbuf API actually relies on the string being free of NULs.
 
-strbufs has some invariants that are very important to keep in mind:
+strbufs have some invariants that are very important to keep in mind:
 
 . The `buf` member is never NULL, so it can be used in any usual C
 string operations safely. strbuf's _have_ to be initialized either by
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ Data structures
 * `struct strbuf`
 
 This is the string buffer structure. The `len` member can be used to
-determine the current length of the string, and `buf` member provides access to
-the string itself.
+determine the current length of the string, and `buf` member provides
+access to the string itself.
 
 Functions
 ---------
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ strbuf_addstr(sb, "immediate string");
 
 `strbuf_addbuf`::
 
-	Copy the contents of an other buffer at the end of the current one.
+	Copy the contents of another buffer at the end of the current one.
 
 `strbuf_adddup`::
 

Documentation/technical/http-protocol.txt

@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Because Git repositories are accessed by standard path components
 server administrators MAY use directory based permissions within
 their HTTP server to control repository access.
 
-Clients SHOULD support Basic authentication as described by RFC 2616.
+Clients SHOULD support Basic authentication as described by RFC 2617.
 Servers SHOULD support Basic authentication by relying upon the
 HTTP server placed in front of the Git server software.
 

Documentation/user-manual.txt

@@ -416,12 +416,11 @@ REVISIONS" section of linkgit:gitrevisions[7].
 Updating a repository with git fetch
 ------------------------------------
 
-Eventually the developer cloned from will do additional work in her
-repository, creating new commits and advancing the branches to point
-at the new commits.
+After you clone a repository and commit a few changes of your own, you
+may wish to check the original repository for updates.
 
-The command `git fetch`, with no arguments, will update all of the
-remote-tracking branches to the latest version found in her
+The `git-fetch` command, with no arguments, will update all of the
+remote-tracking branches to the latest version found in the original
 repository.  It will not touch any of your own branches--not even the
 "master" branch that was created for you on clone.
 
@@ -1811,8 +1810,8 @@ manner.
 You can then import these into your mail client and send them by
 hand.  However, if you have a lot to send at once, you may prefer to
 use the linkgit:git-send-email[1] script to automate the process.
-Consult the mailing list for your project first to determine how they
-prefer such patches be handled.
+Consult the mailing list for your project first to determine
+their requirements for submitting patches.
 
 [[importing-patches]]
 Importing patches to a project
@@ -2255,7 +2254,7 @@ $ git checkout test && git merge speed-up-spinlocks
 It is unlikely that you would have any conflicts here ... but you might if you
 spent a while on this step and had also pulled new versions from upstream.
 
-Some time later when enough time has passed and testing done, you can pull the
+Sometime later when enough time has passed and testing done, you can pull the
 same branch into the `release` tree ready to go upstream.  This is where you
 see the value of keeping each patch (or patch series) in its own branch.  It
 means that the patches can be moved into the `release` tree in any order.

GIT-VERSION-GEN

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/bin/sh
 
 GVF=GIT-VERSION-FILE
-DEF_VER=v2.0.1
+DEF_VER=v2.0.3
 
 LF='
 '

RelNotes

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.1.txt
+Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.3.txt

alloc.c

@@ -47,23 +47,32 @@ union any_object {
 
 DEFINE_ALLOCATOR(blob, struct blob)
 DEFINE_ALLOCATOR(tree, struct tree)
-DEFINE_ALLOCATOR(commit, struct commit)
+DEFINE_ALLOCATOR(raw_commit, struct commit)
 DEFINE_ALLOCATOR(tag, struct tag)
 DEFINE_ALLOCATOR(object, union any_object)
 
+void *alloc_commit_node(void)
+{
+	static int commit_count;
+	struct commit *c = alloc_raw_commit_node();
+	c->index = commit_count++;
+	return c;
+}
+
 static void report(const char *name, unsigned int count, size_t size)
 {
 	fprintf(stderr, "%10s: %8u (%"PRIuMAX" kB)\n",
 			name, count, (uintmax_t) size);
 }
 
-#define REPORT(name)	\
-    report(#name, name##_allocs, name##_allocs * sizeof(struct name) >> 10)
+#define REPORT(name, type)	\
+    report(#name, name##_allocs, name##_allocs * sizeof(type) >> 10)
 
 void alloc_report(void)
 {
-	REPORT(blob);
-	REPORT(tree);
-	REPORT(commit);
-	REPORT(tag);
+	REPORT(blob, struct blob);
+	REPORT(tree, struct tree);
+	REPORT(raw_commit, struct commit);
+	REPORT(tag, struct tag);
+	REPORT(object, union any_object);
 }

builtin/annotate.c

@@ -5,20 +5,18 @@
  */
 #include "git-compat-util.h"
 #include "builtin.h"
+#include "argv-array.h"
 
 int cmd_annotate(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 {
-	const char **nargv;
+	struct argv_array args = ARGV_ARRAY_INIT;
 	int i;
-	nargv = xmalloc(sizeof(char *) * (argc + 2));
 
-	nargv[0] = "annotate";
-	nargv[1] = "-c";
+	argv_array_pushl(&args, "annotate", "-c", NULL);
 
 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
-		nargv[i+1] = argv[i];
+		argv_array_push(&args, argv[i]);
 	}
-	nargv[argc + 1] = NULL;
 
-	return cmd_blame(argc + 1, nargv, prefix);
+	return cmd_blame(args.argc, args.argv, prefix);
 }

builtin/apply.c

@@ -2869,9 +2869,7 @@ static int apply_binary_fragment(struct image *img, struct patch *patch)
 	case BINARY_LITERAL_DEFLATED:
 		clear_image(img);
 		img->len = fragment->size;
-		img->buf = xmalloc(img->len+1);
-		memcpy(img->buf, fragment->patch, img->len);
-		img->buf[img->len] = '\0';
+		img->buf = xmemdupz(fragment->patch, img->len);
 		return 0;
 	}
 	return -1;

builtin/blame.c

@@ -1405,7 +1405,7 @@ static void get_commit_info(struct commit *commit,
 {
 	int len;
 	const char *subject, *encoding;
-	char *message;
+	const char *message;
 
 	commit_info_init(ret);
 
@@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@ static void get_commit_info(struct commit *commit,
 		    &ret->author_time, &ret->author_tz);
 
 	if (!detailed) {
-		logmsg_free(message, commit);
+		unuse_commit_buffer(commit, message);
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -1430,7 +1430,7 @@ static void get_commit_info(struct commit *commit,
 	else
 		strbuf_addf(&ret->summary, "(%s)", sha1_to_hex(commit->object.sha1));
 
-	logmsg_free(message, commit);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, message);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2005,6 +2005,18 @@ static void append_merge_parents(struct commit_list **tail)
 	strbuf_release(&line);
 }
 
+/*
+ * This isn't as simple as passing sb->buf and sb->len, because we
+ * want to transfer ownership of the buffer to the commit (so we
+ * must use detach).
+ */
+static void set_commit_buffer_from_strbuf(struct commit *c, struct strbuf *sb)
+{
+	size_t len;
+	void *buf = strbuf_detach(sb, &len);
+	set_commit_buffer(c, buf, len);
+}
+
 /*
  * Prepare a dummy commit that represents the work tree (or staged) item.
  * Note that annotating work tree item never works in the reverse.
@@ -2026,7 +2038,7 @@ static struct commit *fake_working_tree_commit(struct diff_options *opt,
 	struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	time(&now);
-	commit = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*commit));
+	commit = alloc_commit_node();
 	commit->object.parsed = 1;
 	commit->date = now;
 	commit->object.type = OBJ_COMMIT;
@@ -2053,7 +2065,7 @@ static struct commit *fake_working_tree_commit(struct diff_options *opt,
 		    ident, ident, path,
 		    (!contents_from ? path :
 		     (!strcmp(contents_from, "-") ? "standard input" : contents_from)));
-	commit->buffer = strbuf_detach(&msg, NULL);
+	set_commit_buffer_from_strbuf(commit, &msg);
 
 	if (!contents_from || strcmp("-", contents_from)) {
 		struct stat st;
@@ -2446,11 +2458,8 @@ parse_done:
 		die("revision walk setup failed");
 
 	if (is_null_sha1(sb.final->object.sha1)) {
-		char *buf;
 		o = sb.final->util;
-		buf = xmalloc(o->file.size + 1);
-		memcpy(buf, o->file.ptr, o->file.size + 1);
-		sb.final_buf = buf;
+		sb.final_buf = xmemdupz(o->file.ptr, o->file.size);
 		sb.final_buf_size = o->file.size;
 	}
 	else {

builtin/clean.c

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ enum color_clean {
 	CLEAN_COLOR_PROMPT = 2,
 	CLEAN_COLOR_HEADER = 3,
 	CLEAN_COLOR_HELP = 4,
-	CLEAN_COLOR_ERROR = 5,
+	CLEAN_COLOR_ERROR = 5
 };
 
 #define MENU_OPTS_SINGLETON		01
@@ -621,8 +621,7 @@ static int *list_and_choose(struct menu_opts *opts, struct menu_stuff *stuff)
 				nr += chosen[i];
 		}
 
-		result = xmalloc(sizeof(int) * (nr + 1));
-		memset(result, 0, sizeof(int) * (nr + 1));
+		result = xcalloc(nr + 1, sizeof(int));
 		for (i = 0; i < stuff->nr && j < nr; i++) {
 			if (chosen[i])
 				result[j++] = i;

builtin/clone.c

@@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ static void write_refspec_config(const char* src_ref_prefix,
 	if (option_mirror || !option_bare) {
 		if (option_single_branch && !option_mirror) {
 			if (option_branch) {
-				if (strstr(our_head_points_at->name, "refs/tags/"))
+				if (starts_with(our_head_points_at->name, "refs/tags/"))
 					strbuf_addf(&value, "+%s:%s", our_head_points_at->name,
 						our_head_points_at->name);
 				else

builtin/commit-tree.c

@@ -123,8 +123,8 @@ int cmd_commit_tree(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 			die_errno("git commit-tree: failed to read");
 	}
 
-	if (commit_tree(&buffer, tree_sha1, parents, commit_sha1,
-			NULL, sign_commit)) {
+	if (commit_tree(buffer.buf, buffer.len, tree_sha1, parents,
+			commit_sha1, NULL, sign_commit)) {
 		strbuf_release(&buffer);
 		return 1;
 	}

builtin/commit.c

@@ -1672,8 +1672,8 @@ int cmd_commit(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		append_merge_tag_headers(parents, &tail);
 	}
 
-	if (commit_tree_extended(&sb, active_cache_tree->sha1, parents, sha1,
-				 author_ident.buf, sign_commit, extra)) {
+	if (commit_tree_extended(sb.buf, sb.len, active_cache_tree->sha1,
+			 parents, sha1, author_ident.buf, sign_commit, extra)) {
 		rollback_index_files();
 		die(_("failed to write commit object"));
 	}

builtin/fast-export.c

@@ -279,6 +279,7 @@ static const char *find_encoding(const char *begin, const char *end)
 static void handle_commit(struct commit *commit, struct rev_info *rev)
 {
 	int saved_output_format = rev->diffopt.output_format;
+	const char *commit_buffer;
 	const char *author, *author_end, *committer, *committer_end;
 	const char *encoding, *message;
 	char *reencoded = NULL;
@@ -288,7 +289,8 @@ static void handle_commit(struct commit *commit, struct rev_info *rev)
 	rev->diffopt.output_format = DIFF_FORMAT_CALLBACK;
 
 	parse_commit_or_die(commit);
-	author = strstr(commit->buffer, "\nauthor ");
+	commit_buffer = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
+	author = strstr(commit_buffer, "\nauthor ");
 	if (!author)
 		die ("Could not find author in commit %s",
 		     sha1_to_hex(commit->object.sha1));
@@ -335,6 +337,7 @@ static void handle_commit(struct commit *commit, struct rev_info *rev)
 			  ? strlen(message) : 0),
 	       reencoded ? reencoded : message ? message : "");
 	free(reencoded);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, commit_buffer);
 
 	for (i = 0, p = commit->parents; p; p = p->next) {
 		int mark = get_object_mark(&p->item->object);

builtin/fmt-merge-msg.c

@@ -230,12 +230,14 @@ static void add_branch_desc(struct strbuf *out, const char *name)
 static void record_person(int which, struct string_list *people,
 			  struct commit *commit)
 {
+	const char *buffer;
 	char *name_buf, *name, *name_end;
 	struct string_list_item *elem;
 	const char *field;
 
 	field = (which == 'a') ? "\nauthor " : "\ncommitter ";
-	name = strstr(commit->buffer, field);
+	buffer = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
+	name = strstr(buffer, field);
 	if (!name)
 		return;
 	name += strlen(field);
@@ -247,6 +249,7 @@ static void record_person(int which, struct string_list *people,
 	if (name_end < name)
 		return;
 	name_buf = xmemdupz(name, name_end - name + 1);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, buffer);
 
 	elem = string_list_lookup(people, name_buf);
 	if (!elem) {

builtin/fsck.c

@@ -310,8 +310,7 @@ static int fsck_obj(struct object *obj)
 	if (obj->type == OBJ_COMMIT) {
 		struct commit *commit = (struct commit *) obj;
 
-		free(commit->buffer);
-		commit->buffer = NULL;
+		free_commit_buffer(commit);
 
 		if (!commit->parents && show_root)
 			printf("root %s\n", sha1_to_hex(commit->object.sha1));

builtin/index-pack.c

@@ -362,8 +362,7 @@ static void set_thread_data(struct thread_local *data)
 
 static struct base_data *alloc_base_data(void)
 {
-	struct base_data *base = xmalloc(sizeof(struct base_data));
-	memset(base, 0, sizeof(*base));
+	struct base_data *base = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct base_data));
 	base->ref_last = -1;
 	base->ofs_last = -1;
 	return base;
@@ -786,7 +785,8 @@ static void sha1_object(const void *data, struct object_entry *obj_entry,
 			}
 			if (obj->type == OBJ_COMMIT) {
 				struct commit *commit = (struct commit *) obj;
-				commit->buffer = NULL;
+				if (detach_commit_buffer(commit, NULL) != data)
+					die("BUG: parse_object_buffer transmogrified our buffer");
 			}
 			obj->flags |= FLAG_CHECKED;
 		}

builtin/log.c

@@ -345,8 +345,7 @@ static int cmd_log_walk(struct rev_info *rev)
 			rev->max_count++;
 		if (!rev->reflog_info) {
 			/* we allow cycles in reflog ancestry */
-			free(commit->buffer);
-			commit->buffer = NULL;
+			free_commit_buffer(commit);
 		}
 		free_commit_list(commit->parents);
 		commit->parents = NULL;
@@ -915,9 +914,12 @@ static void make_cover_letter(struct rev_info *rev, int use_stdout,
 	log_write_email_headers(rev, head, &pp.subject, &pp.after_subject,
 				&need_8bit_cte);
 
-	for (i = 0; !need_8bit_cte && i < nr; i++)
-		if (has_non_ascii(list[i]->buffer))
+	for (i = 0; !need_8bit_cte && i < nr; i++) {
+		const char *buf = get_commit_buffer(list[i], NULL);
+		if (has_non_ascii(buf))
 			need_8bit_cte = 1;
+		unuse_commit_buffer(list[i], buf);
+	}
 
 	if (!branch_name)
 		branch_name = find_branch_name(rev);
@@ -1504,8 +1506,7 @@ int cmd_format_patch(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		    reopen_stdout(rev.numbered_files ? NULL : commit, NULL, &rev, quiet))
 			die(_("Failed to create output files"));
 		shown = log_tree_commit(&rev, commit);
-		free(commit->buffer);
-		commit->buffer = NULL;
+		free_commit_buffer(commit);
 
 		/* We put one extra blank line between formatted
 		 * patches and this flag is used by log-tree code

builtin/ls-remote.c

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ int cmd_ls_remote(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 
 	if (argv[i]) {
 		int j;
-		pattern = xcalloc(sizeof(const char *), argc - i + 1);
+		pattern = xcalloc(argc - i + 1, sizeof(const char *));
 		for (j = i; j < argc; j++) {
 			int len = strlen(argv[j]);
 			char *p = xmalloc(len + 3);

builtin/merge.c

@@ -852,8 +852,8 @@ static int merge_trivial(struct commit *head, struct commit_list *remoteheads)
 	parent->next->item = remoteheads->item;
 	parent->next->next = NULL;
 	prepare_to_commit(remoteheads);
-	if (commit_tree(&merge_msg, result_tree, parent, result_commit, NULL,
-			sign_commit))
+	if (commit_tree(merge_msg.buf, merge_msg.len, result_tree, parent,
+			result_commit, NULL, sign_commit))
 		die(_("failed to write commit object"));
 	finish(head, remoteheads, result_commit, "In-index merge");
 	drop_save();
@@ -877,8 +877,8 @@ static int finish_automerge(struct commit *head,
 		commit_list_insert(head, &parents);
 	strbuf_addch(&merge_msg, '\n');
 	prepare_to_commit(remoteheads);
-	if (commit_tree(&merge_msg, result_tree, parents, result_commit,
-			NULL, sign_commit))
+	if (commit_tree(merge_msg.buf, merge_msg.len, result_tree, parents,
+			result_commit, NULL, sign_commit))
 		die(_("failed to write commit object"));
 	strbuf_addf(&buf, "Merge made by the '%s' strategy.", wt_strategy);
 	finish(head, remoteheads, result_commit, buf.buf);

builtin/remote.c

@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ static int config_read_branches(const char *key, const char *value, void *cb)
 		item = string_list_insert(&branch_list, name);
 
 		if (!item->util)
-			item->util = xcalloc(sizeof(struct branch_info), 1);
+			item->util = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct branch_info));
 		info = item->util;
 		if (type == REMOTE) {
 			if (info->remote_name)
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ static int get_push_ref_states(const struct ref *remote_refs,
 
 		item = string_list_append(&states->push,
 					  abbrev_branch(ref->peer_ref->name));
-		item->util = xcalloc(sizeof(struct push_info), 1);
+		item->util = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct push_info));
 		info = item->util;
 		info->forced = ref->force;
 		info->dest = xstrdup(abbrev_branch(ref->name));
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ static int get_push_ref_states_noquery(struct ref_states *states)
 	states->push.strdup_strings = 1;
 	if (!remote->push_refspec_nr) {
 		item = string_list_append(&states->push, _("(matching)"));
-		info = item->util = xcalloc(sizeof(struct push_info), 1);
+		info = item->util = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct push_info));
 		info->status = PUSH_STATUS_NOTQUERIED;
 		info->dest = xstrdup(item->string);
 	}
@@ -446,7 +446,7 @@ static int get_push_ref_states_noquery(struct ref_states *states)
 		else
 			item = string_list_append(&states->push, _("(delete)"));
 
-		info = item->util = xcalloc(sizeof(struct push_info), 1);
+		info = item->util = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct push_info));
 		info->forced = spec->force;
 		info->status = PUSH_STATUS_NOTQUERIED;
 		info->dest = xstrdup(spec->dst ? spec->dst : item->string);

builtin/repack.c

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 static int delta_base_offset = 1;
 static int pack_kept_objects = -1;
+static int write_bitmaps = -1;
 static char *packdir, *packtmp;
 
 static const char *const git_repack_usage[] = {
@@ -27,6 +28,10 @@ static int repack_config(const char *var, const char *value, void *cb)
 		pack_kept_objects = git_config_bool(var, value);
 		return 0;
 	}
+	if (!strcmp(var, "pack.writebitmaps")) {
+		write_bitmaps = git_config_bool(var, value);
+		return 0;
+	}
 	return git_default_config(var, value, cb);
 }
 
@@ -149,7 +154,6 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 	int no_update_server_info = 0;
 	int quiet = 0;
 	int local = 0;
-	int write_bitmap = -1;
 
 	struct option builtin_repack_options[] = {
 		OPT_BIT('a', NULL, &pack_everything,
@@ -168,7 +172,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		OPT__QUIET(&quiet, N_("be quiet")),
 		OPT_BOOL('l', "local", &local,
 				N_("pass --local to git-pack-objects")),
-		OPT_BOOL('b', "write-bitmap-index", &write_bitmap,
+		OPT_BOOL('b', "write-bitmap-index", &write_bitmaps,
 				N_("write bitmap index")),
 		OPT_STRING(0, "unpack-unreachable", &unpack_unreachable, N_("approxidate"),
 				N_("with -A, do not loosen objects older than this")),
@@ -191,7 +195,7 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 				git_repack_usage, 0);
 
 	if (pack_kept_objects < 0)
-		pack_kept_objects = write_bitmap;
+		pack_kept_objects = write_bitmaps > 0;
 
 	packdir = mkpathdup("%s/pack", get_object_directory());
 	packtmp = mkpathdup("%s/.tmp-%d-pack", packdir, (int)getpid());
@@ -217,9 +221,9 @@ int cmd_repack(int argc, const char **argv, const char *prefix)
 		argv_array_pushf(&cmd_args, "--no-reuse-delta");
 	if (no_reuse_object)
 		argv_array_pushf(&cmd_args, "--no-reuse-object");
-	if (write_bitmap >= 0)
+	if (write_bitmaps >= 0)
 		argv_array_pushf(&cmd_args, "--%swrite-bitmap-index",
-				 write_bitmap ? "" : "no-");
+				 write_bitmaps ? "" : "no-");
 
 	if (pack_everything & ALL_INTO_ONE) {
 		get_non_kept_pack_filenames(&existing_packs);

builtin/reset.c

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ static int reset_index(const unsigned char *sha1, int reset_type, int quiet)
 static void print_new_head_line(struct commit *commit)
 {
 	const char *hex, *body;
-	char *msg;
+	const char *msg;
 
 	hex = find_unique_abbrev(commit->object.sha1, DEFAULT_ABBREV);
 	printf(_("HEAD is now at %s"), hex);
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ static void print_new_head_line(struct commit *commit)
 	}
 	else
 		printf("\n");
-	logmsg_free(msg, commit);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, msg);
 }
 
 static void update_index_from_diff(struct diff_queue_struct *q,

builtin/rev-list.c

@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ static void show_commit(struct commit *commit, void *data)
 	else
 		putchar('\n');
 
-	if (revs->verbose_header && commit->buffer) {
+	if (revs->verbose_header && get_cached_commit_buffer(commit, NULL)) {
 		struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 		struct pretty_print_context ctx = {0};
 		ctx.abbrev = revs->abbrev;
@@ -173,8 +173,7 @@ static void finish_commit(struct commit *commit, void *data)
 		free_commit_list(commit->parents);
 		commit->parents = NULL;
 	}
-	free(commit->buffer);
-	commit->buffer = NULL;
+	free_commit_buffer(commit);
 }
 
 static void finish_object(struct object *obj,

commit-slab.h

@@ -117,4 +117,16 @@ static int stat_ ##slabname## realloc
  * catch because GCC silently parses it by default.
  */
 
+/*
+ * Statically initialize a commit slab named "var". Note that this
+ * evaluates "stride" multiple times! Example:
+ *
+ *   struct indegree indegrees = COMMIT_SLAB_INIT(1, indegrees);
+ *
+ */
+#define COMMIT_SLAB_INIT(stride, var) { \
+	COMMIT_SLAB_SIZE / sizeof(**((var).slab)) / (stride), \
+	(stride), 0, NULL \
+}
+
 #endif /* COMMIT_SLAB_H */

commit.c

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ static struct commit_extra_header *read_commit_extra_header_lines(const char *bu
 int save_commit_buffer = 1;
 
 const char *commit_type = "commit";
-static int commit_count;
 
 static struct commit *check_commit(struct object *obj,
 				   const unsigned char *sha1,
@@ -64,7 +63,6 @@ struct commit *lookup_commit(const unsigned char *sha1)
 	struct object *obj = lookup_object(sha1);
 	if (!obj) {
 		struct commit *c = alloc_commit_node();
-		c->index = commit_count++;
 		return create_object(sha1, OBJ_COMMIT, c);
 	}
 	if (!obj->type)
@@ -247,6 +245,76 @@ int unregister_shallow(const unsigned char *sha1)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+struct commit_buffer {
+	void *buffer;
+	unsigned long size;
+};
+define_commit_slab(buffer_slab, struct commit_buffer);
+static struct buffer_slab buffer_slab = COMMIT_SLAB_INIT(1, buffer_slab);
+
+void set_commit_buffer(struct commit *commit, void *buffer, unsigned long size)
+{
+	struct commit_buffer *v = buffer_slab_at(&buffer_slab, commit);
+	v->buffer = buffer;
+	v->size = size;
+}
+
+const void *get_cached_commit_buffer(const struct commit *commit, unsigned long *sizep)
+{
+	struct commit_buffer *v = buffer_slab_at(&buffer_slab, commit);
+	if (sizep)
+		*sizep = v->size;
+	return v->buffer;
+}
+
+const void *get_commit_buffer(const struct commit *commit, unsigned long *sizep)
+{
+	const void *ret = get_cached_commit_buffer(commit, sizep);
+	if (!ret) {
+		enum object_type type;
+		unsigned long size;
+		ret = read_sha1_file(commit->object.sha1, &type, &size);
+		if (!ret)
+			die("cannot read commit object %s",
+			    sha1_to_hex(commit->object.sha1));
+		if (type != OBJ_COMMIT)
+			die("expected commit for %s, got %s",
+			    sha1_to_hex(commit->object.sha1), typename(type));
+		if (sizep)
+			*sizep = size;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+void unuse_commit_buffer(const struct commit *commit, const void *buffer)
+{
+	struct commit_buffer *v = buffer_slab_at(&buffer_slab, commit);
+	if (v->buffer != buffer)
+		free((void *)buffer);
+}
+
+void free_commit_buffer(struct commit *commit)
+{
+	struct commit_buffer *v = buffer_slab_at(&buffer_slab, commit);
+	free(v->buffer);
+	v->buffer = NULL;
+	v->size = 0;
+}
+
+const void *detach_commit_buffer(struct commit *commit, unsigned long *sizep)
+{
+	struct commit_buffer *v = buffer_slab_at(&buffer_slab, commit);
+	void *ret;
+
+	ret = v->buffer;
+	if (sizep)
+		*sizep = v->size;
+
+	v->buffer = NULL;
+	v->size = 0;
+	return ret;
+}
+
 int parse_commit_buffer(struct commit *item, const void *buffer, unsigned long size)
 {
 	const char *tail = buffer;
@@ -324,7 +392,7 @@ int parse_commit(struct commit *item)
 	}
 	ret = parse_commit_buffer(item, buffer, size);
 	if (save_commit_buffer && !ret) {
-		item->buffer = buffer;
+		set_commit_buffer(item, buffer, size);
 		return 0;
 	}
 	free(buffer);
@@ -539,22 +607,12 @@ static void record_author_date(struct author_date_slab *author_date,
 			       struct commit *commit)
 {
 	const char *buf, *line_end, *ident_line;
-	char *buffer = NULL;
+	const char *buffer = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
 	struct ident_split ident;
 	char *date_end;
 	unsigned long date;
 
-	if (!commit->buffer) {
-		unsigned long size;
-		enum object_type type;
-		buffer = read_sha1_file(commit->object.sha1, &type, &size);
-		if (!buffer)
-			return;
-	}
-
-	for (buf = commit->buffer ? commit->buffer : buffer;
-	     buf;
-	     buf = line_end + 1) {
+	for (buf = buffer; buf; buf = line_end + 1) {
 		line_end = strchrnul(buf, '\n');
 		ident_line = skip_prefix(buf, "author ");
 		if (!ident_line) {
@@ -575,7 +633,7 @@ static void record_author_date(struct author_date_slab *author_date,
 	*(author_date_slab_at(author_date, commit)) = date;
 
 fail_exit:
-	free(buffer);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, buffer);
 }
 
 static int compare_commits_by_author_date(const void *a_, const void *b_,
@@ -1031,7 +1089,7 @@ struct commit_list *reduce_heads(struct commit_list *heads)
 		p->item->object.flags |= STALE;
 		num_head++;
 	}
-	array = xcalloc(sizeof(*array), num_head);
+	array = xcalloc(num_head, sizeof(*array));
 	for (p = heads, i = 0; p; p = p->next) {
 		if (p->item->object.flags & STALE) {
 			array[i++] = p->item;
@@ -1080,17 +1138,14 @@ static int do_sign_commit(struct strbuf *buf, const char *keyid)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-int parse_signed_commit(const unsigned char *sha1,
+int parse_signed_commit(const struct commit *commit,
 			struct strbuf *payload, struct strbuf *signature)
 {
-	unsigned long size;
-	enum object_type type;
-	char *buffer = read_sha1_file(sha1, &type, &size);
-	int in_signature, saw_signature = -1;
-	char *line, *tail;
 
-	if (!buffer || type != OBJ_COMMIT)
-		goto cleanup;
+	unsigned long size;
+	const char *buffer = get_commit_buffer(commit, &size);
+	int in_signature, saw_signature = -1;
+	const char *line, *tail;
 
 	line = buffer;
 	tail = buffer + size;
@@ -1098,7 +1153,7 @@ int parse_signed_commit(const unsigned char *sha1,
 	saw_signature = 0;
 	while (line < tail) {
 		const char *sig = NULL;
-		char *next = memchr(line, '\n', tail - line);
+		const char *next = memchr(line, '\n', tail - line);
 
 		next = next ? next + 1 : tail;
 		if (in_signature && line[0] == ' ')
@@ -1119,8 +1174,7 @@ int parse_signed_commit(const unsigned char *sha1,
 		}
 		line = next;
 	}
- cleanup:
-	free(buffer);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, buffer);
 	return saw_signature;
 }
 
@@ -1211,8 +1265,7 @@ void check_commit_signature(const struct commit* commit, struct signature_check
 
 	sigc->result = 'N';
 
-	if (parse_signed_commit(commit->object.sha1,
-				&payload, &signature) <= 0)
+	if (parse_signed_commit(commit, &payload, &signature) <= 0)
 		goto out;
 	status = verify_signed_buffer(payload.buf, payload.len,
 				      signature.buf, signature.len,
@@ -1257,11 +1310,9 @@ struct commit_extra_header *read_commit_extra_headers(struct commit *commit,
 {
 	struct commit_extra_header *extra = NULL;
 	unsigned long size;
-	enum object_type type;
-	char *buffer = read_sha1_file(commit->object.sha1, &type, &size);
-	if (buffer && type == OBJ_COMMIT)
-		extra = read_commit_extra_header_lines(buffer, size, exclude);
-	free(buffer);
+	const char *buffer = get_commit_buffer(commit, &size);
+	extra = read_commit_extra_header_lines(buffer, size, exclude);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, buffer);
 	return extra;
 }
 
@@ -1344,7 +1395,8 @@ void free_commit_extra_headers(struct commit_extra_header *extra)
 	}
 }
 
-int commit_tree(const struct strbuf *msg, const unsigned char *tree,
+int commit_tree(const char *msg, size_t msg_len,
+		const unsigned char *tree,
 		struct commit_list *parents, unsigned char *ret,
 		const char *author, const char *sign_commit)
 {
@@ -1352,7 +1404,7 @@ int commit_tree(const struct strbuf *msg, const unsigned char *tree,
 	int result;
 
 	append_merge_tag_headers(parents, &tail);
-	result = commit_tree_extended(msg, tree, parents, ret,
+	result = commit_tree_extended(msg, msg_len, tree, parents, ret,
 				      author, sign_commit, extra);
 	free_commit_extra_headers(extra);
 	return result;
@@ -1473,7 +1525,8 @@ static const char commit_utf8_warn[] =
 "You may want to amend it after fixing the message, or set the config\n"
 "variable i18n.commitencoding to the encoding your project uses.\n";
 
-int commit_tree_extended(const struct strbuf *msg, const unsigned char *tree,
+int commit_tree_extended(const char *msg, size_t msg_len,
+			 const unsigned char *tree,
 			 struct commit_list *parents, unsigned char *ret,
 			 const char *author, const char *sign_commit,
 			 struct commit_extra_header *extra)
@@ -1484,7 +1537,7 @@ int commit_tree_extended(const struct strbuf *msg, const unsigned char *tree,
 
 	assert_sha1_type(tree, OBJ_TREE);
 
-	if (memchr(msg->buf, '\0', msg->len))
+	if (memchr(msg, '\0', msg_len))
 		return error("a NUL byte in commit log message not allowed.");
 
 	/* Not having i18n.commitencoding is the same as having utf-8 */
@@ -1523,7 +1576,7 @@ int commit_tree_extended(const struct strbuf *msg, const unsigned char *tree,
 	strbuf_addch(&buffer, '\n');
 
 	/* And add the comment */
-	strbuf_addbuf(&buffer, msg);
+	strbuf_add(&buffer, msg, msg_len);
 
 	/* And check the encoding */
 	if (encoding_is_utf8 && !verify_utf8(&buffer))

commit.h

@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ struct commit {
 	unsigned long date;
 	struct commit_list *parents;
 	struct tree *tree;
-	char *buffer;
 };
 
 extern int save_commit_buffer;
@@ -51,6 +50,44 @@ int parse_commit_buffer(struct commit *item, const void *buffer, unsigned long s
 int parse_commit(struct commit *item);
 void parse_commit_or_die(struct commit *item);
 
+/*
+ * Associate an object buffer with the commit. The ownership of the
+ * memory is handed over to the commit, and must be free()-able.
+ */
+void set_commit_buffer(struct commit *, void *buffer, unsigned long size);
+
+/*
+ * Get any cached object buffer associated with the commit. Returns NULL
+ * if none. The resulting memory should not be freed.
+ */
+const void *get_cached_commit_buffer(const struct commit *, unsigned long *size);
+
+/*
+ * Get the commit's object contents, either from cache or by reading the object
+ * from disk. The resulting memory should not be modified, and must be given
+ * to unuse_commit_buffer when the caller is done.
+ */
+const void *get_commit_buffer(const struct commit *, unsigned long *size);
+
+/*
+ * Tell the commit subsytem that we are done with a particular commit buffer.
+ * The commit and buffer should be the input and return value, respectively,
+ * from an earlier call to get_commit_buffer.  The buffer may or may not be
+ * freed by this call; callers should not access the memory afterwards.
+ */
+void unuse_commit_buffer(const struct commit *, const void *buffer);
+
+/*
+ * Free any cached object buffer associated with the commit.
+ */
+void free_commit_buffer(struct commit *);
+
+/*
+ * Disassociate any cached object buffer from the commit, but do not free it.
+ * The buffer (or NULL, if none) is returned.
+ */
+const void *detach_commit_buffer(struct commit *, unsigned long *sizep);
+
 /* Find beginning and length of commit subject. */
 int find_commit_subject(const char *commit_buffer, const char **subject);
 
@@ -115,10 +152,9 @@ struct userformat_want {
 
 extern int has_non_ascii(const char *text);
 struct rev_info; /* in revision.h, it circularly uses enum cmit_fmt */
-extern char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
-			     char **commit_encoding,
-			     const char *output_encoding);
-extern void logmsg_free(char *msg, const struct commit *commit);
+extern const char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
+				   char **commit_encoding,
+				   const char *output_encoding);
 extern void get_commit_format(const char *arg, struct rev_info *);
 extern const char *format_subject(struct strbuf *sb, const char *msg,
 				  const char *line_separator);
@@ -261,11 +297,13 @@ struct commit_extra_header {
 extern void append_merge_tag_headers(struct commit_list *parents,
 				     struct commit_extra_header ***tail);
 
-extern int commit_tree(const struct strbuf *msg, const unsigned char *tree,
+extern int commit_tree(const char *msg, size_t msg_len,
+		       const unsigned char *tree,
 		       struct commit_list *parents, unsigned char *ret,
 		       const char *author, const char *sign_commit);
 
-extern int commit_tree_extended(const struct strbuf *msg, const unsigned char *tree,
+extern int commit_tree_extended(const char *msg, size_t msg_len,
+				const unsigned char *tree,
 				struct commit_list *parents, unsigned char *ret,
 				const char *author, const char *sign_commit,
 				struct commit_extra_header *);
@@ -287,7 +325,7 @@ struct merge_remote_desc {
  */
 struct commit *get_merge_parent(const char *name);
 
-extern int parse_signed_commit(const unsigned char *sha1,
+extern int parse_signed_commit(const struct commit *commit,
 			       struct strbuf *message, struct strbuf *signature);
 extern void print_commit_list(struct commit_list *list,
 			      const char *format_cur,

compat/bswap.h

@@ -101,19 +101,34 @@ static inline uint64_t git_bswap64(uint64_t x)
 #undef ntohll
 #undef htonll
 
-#if !defined(__BYTE_ORDER)
-# if defined(BYTE_ORDER) && defined(LITTLE_ENDIAN) && defined(BIG_ENDIAN)
-#  define __BYTE_ORDER BYTE_ORDER
-#  define __LITTLE_ENDIAN LITTLE_ENDIAN
-#  define __BIG_ENDIAN BIG_ENDIAN
+#if defined(__BYTE_ORDER) && defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN) && defined(__BIG_ENDIAN)
+
+# define GIT_BYTE_ORDER __BYTE_ORDER
+# define GIT_LITTLE_ENDIAN __LITTLE_ENDIAN
+# define GIT_BIG_ENDIAN __BIG_ENDIAN
+
+#elif defined(BYTE_ORDER) && defined(LITTLE_ENDIAN) && defined(BIG_ENDIAN)
+
+# define GIT_BYTE_ORDER BYTE_ORDER
+# define GIT_LITTLE_ENDIAN LITTLE_ENDIAN
+# define GIT_BIG_ENDIAN BIG_ENDIAN
+
+#else
+
+# define GIT_BIG_ENDIAN 4321
+# define GIT_LITTLE_ENDIAN 1234
+
+# if defined(_BIG_ENDIAN) && !defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
+#  define GIT_BYTE_ORDER GIT_BIG_ENDIAN
+# elif defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && !defined(_BIG_ENDIAN)
+#  define GIT_BYTE_ORDER GIT_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+# else
+#  error "Cannot determine endianness"
 # endif
+
 #endif
 
-#if !defined(__BYTE_ORDER)
-# error "Cannot determine endianness"
-#endif
-
-#if __BYTE_ORDER == __BIG_ENDIAN
+#if GIT_BYTE_ORDER == GIT_BIG_ENDIAN
 # define ntohll(n) (n)
 # define htonll(n) (n)
 #else

compat/mingw.c

@@ -1226,8 +1226,7 @@ static int WSAAPI getaddrinfo_stub(const char *node, const char *service,
 	else
 		ai->ai_canonname = NULL;
 
-	sin = xmalloc(ai->ai_addrlen);
-	memset(sin, 0, ai->ai_addrlen);
+	sin = xcalloc(1, ai->ai_addrlen);
 	sin->sin_family = AF_INET;
 	/* Note: getaddrinfo is supposed to allow service to be a string,
 	 * which should be looked up using getservbyname. This is

config.c

@@ -1538,7 +1538,7 @@ int git_config_set_multivar_in_file(const char *config_filename,
 	 * The lock serves a purpose in addition to locking: the new
 	 * contents of .git/config will be written into it.
 	 */
-	lock = xcalloc(sizeof(struct lock_file), 1);
+	lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
 	fd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock, config_filename, 0);
 	if (fd < 0) {
 		error("could not lock config file %s: %s", config_filename, strerror(errno));
@@ -1793,7 +1793,7 @@ int git_config_rename_section_in_file(const char *config_filename,
 	if (!config_filename)
 		config_filename = filename_buf = git_pathdup("config");
 
-	lock = xcalloc(sizeof(struct lock_file), 1);
+	lock = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct lock_file));
 	out_fd = hold_lock_file_for_update(lock, config_filename, 0);
 	if (out_fd < 0) {
 		ret = error("could not lock config file %s", config_filename);

connect.c

@@ -64,9 +64,7 @@ static void parse_one_symref_info(struct string_list *symref, const char *val, i
 	if (!len)
 		return; /* just "symref" */
 	/* e.g. "symref=HEAD:refs/heads/master" */
-	sym = xmalloc(len + 1);
-	memcpy(sym, val, len);
-	sym[len] = '\0';
+	sym = xmemdupz(val, len);
 	target = strchr(sym, ':');
 	if (!target)
 		/* just "symref=something" */

contrib/subtree/t/t7900-subtree.sh

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ This test verifies the basic operation of the merge, pull, add
 and split subcommands of git subtree.
 '
 
-export TEST_DIRECTORY=$(pwd)/../../../t
+TEST_DIRECTORY=$(pwd)/../../../t
+export TEST_DIRECTORY
 
 . ../../../t/test-lib.sh
 

diff.c

@@ -1361,7 +1361,7 @@ static struct diffstat_file *diffstat_add(struct diffstat_t *diffstat,
 					  const char *name_b)
 {
 	struct diffstat_file *x;
-	x = xcalloc(sizeof (*x), 1);
+	x = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*x));
 	ALLOC_GROW(diffstat->files, diffstat->nr + 1, diffstat->alloc);
 	diffstat->files[diffstat->nr++] = x;
 	if (name_b) {

dir.c

@@ -508,21 +508,25 @@ void clear_exclude_list(struct exclude_list *el)
 
 static void trim_trailing_spaces(char *buf)
 {
-	int i, last_space = -1, nr_spaces, len = strlen(buf);
-	for (i = 0; i < len; i++)
-		if (buf[i] == '\\')
-			i++;
-		else if (buf[i] == ' ') {
-			if (last_space == -1) {
-				last_space = i;
-				nr_spaces = 1;
-			} else
-				nr_spaces++;
-		} else
-			last_space = -1;
+	char *p, *last_space = NULL;
 
-	if (last_space != -1 && last_space + nr_spaces == len)
-		buf[last_space] = '\0';
+	for (p = buf; *p; p++)
+		switch (*p) {
+		case ' ':
+			if (!last_space)
+				last_space = p;
+			break;
+		case '\\':
+			p++;
+			if (!*p)
+				return;
+			/* fallthrough */
+		default:
+			last_space = NULL;
+		}
+
+	if (last_space)
+		*last_space = '\0';
 }
 
 int add_excludes_from_file_to_list(const char *fname,

fsck.c

@@ -276,9 +276,10 @@ static int fsck_ident(const char **ident, struct object *obj, fsck_error error_f
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int fsck_commit(struct commit *commit, fsck_error error_func)
+static int fsck_commit_buffer(struct commit *commit, const char *buffer,
+			      fsck_error error_func)
 {
-	const char *buffer = commit->buffer, *tmp;
+	const char *tmp;
 	unsigned char tree_sha1[20], sha1[20];
 	struct commit_graft *graft;
 	int parents = 0;
@@ -336,6 +337,14 @@ static int fsck_commit(struct commit *commit, fsck_error error_func)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int fsck_commit(struct commit *commit, fsck_error error_func)
+{
+	const char *buffer = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
+	int ret = fsck_commit_buffer(commit, buffer, error_func);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, buffer);
+	return ret;
+}
+
 static int fsck_tag(struct tag *tag, fsck_error error_func)
 {
 	struct object *tagged = tag->tagged;

git-filter-branch.sh

@@ -332,7 +332,13 @@ while read commit parents; do
 	parentstr=
 	for parent in $parents; do
 		for reparent in $(map "$parent"); do
-			parentstr="$parentstr -p $reparent"
+			case "$parentstr " in
+			*" -p $reparent "*)
+				;;
+			*)
+				parentstr="$parentstr -p $reparent"
+				;;
+			esac
 		done
 	done
 	if [ "$filter_parent" ]; then

git-instaweb.sh

@@ -345,7 +345,17 @@ PidFile "$fqgitdir/pid"
 Listen $bind$port
 EOF
 
-	for mod in mime dir env log_config
+	for mod in mpm_event mpm_prefork mpm_worker
+	do
+		if test -e $module_path/mod_${mod}.so
+		then
+			echo "LoadModule ${mod}_module " \
+			     "$module_path/mod_${mod}.so" >> "$conf"
+			# only one mpm module permitted
+			break
+		fi
+	done
+	for mod in mime dir env log_config authz_core
 	do
 		if test -e $module_path/mod_${mod}.so
 		then

git-rebase--merge.sh

@@ -53,11 +53,12 @@ continue_merge () {
 }
 
 call_merge () {
-	cmt="$(cat "$state_dir/cmt.$1")"
+	msgnum="$1"
+	echo "$msgnum" >"$state_dir/msgnum"
+	cmt="$(cat "$state_dir/cmt.$msgnum")"
 	echo "$cmt" > "$state_dir/current"
 	hd=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
 	cmt_name=$(git symbolic-ref HEAD 2> /dev/null || echo HEAD)
-	msgnum=$(cat "$state_dir/msgnum")
 	eval GITHEAD_$cmt='"${cmt_name##refs/heads/}~$(($end - $msgnum))"'
 	eval GITHEAD_$hd='$onto_name'
 	export GITHEAD_$cmt GITHEAD_$hd

git-remote-testgit.sh

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ refspec="${GIT_REMOTE_TESTGIT_REFSPEC-$default_refspec}"
 
 test -z "$refspec" && prefix="refs"
 
-export GIT_DIR="$url/.git"
+GIT_DIR="$url/.git"
+export GIT_DIR
 
 force=
 

git-stash.sh

@@ -94,7 +94,8 @@ create_stash () {
 		# ease of unpacking later.
 		u_commit=$(
 			untracked_files | (
-				export GIT_INDEX_FILE="$TMPindex"
+				GIT_INDEX_FILE="$TMPindex" &&
+				export GIT_INDEX_FILE &&
 				rm -f "$TMPindex" &&
 				git update-index -z --add --remove --stdin &&
 				u_tree=$(git write-tree) &&

http-backend.c

@@ -607,9 +607,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 			cmd = c;
 			n = out[0].rm_eo - out[0].rm_so;
-			cmd_arg = xmalloc(n);
-			memcpy(cmd_arg, dir + out[0].rm_so + 1, n-1);
-			cmd_arg[n-1] = '\0';
+			cmd_arg = xmemdupz(dir + out[0].rm_so + 1, n - 1);
 			dir[out[0].rm_so] = 0;
 			break;
 		}

http-push.c

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ static void curl_setup_http(CURL *curl, const char *url,
 	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_READFUNCTION, fread_buffer);
 #ifndef NO_CURL_IOCTL
 	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_IOCTLFUNCTION, ioctl_buffer);
-	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_IOCTLDATA, &buffer);
+	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_IOCTLDATA, buffer);
 #endif
 	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_WRITEFUNCTION, write_fn);
 	curl_easy_setopt(curl, CURLOPT_NOBODY, 0);
@@ -1732,7 +1732,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv)
 
 	git_extract_argv0_path(argv[0]);
 
-	repo = xcalloc(sizeof(*repo), 1);
+	repo = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*repo));
 
 	argv++;
 	for (i = 1; i < argc; i++, argv++) {

imap-send.c

@@ -951,7 +951,7 @@ static struct imap_store *imap_open_store(struct imap_server_conf *srvc)
 	char *arg, *rsp;
 	int s = -1, preauth;
 
-	ctx = xcalloc(sizeof(*ctx), 1);
+	ctx = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*ctx));
 
 	ctx->imap = imap = xcalloc(sizeof(*imap), 1);
 	imap->buf.sock.fd[0] = imap->buf.sock.fd[1] = -1;

log-tree.c

@@ -365,6 +365,7 @@ static void show_sig_lines(struct rev_info *opt, int status, const char *bol)
 		eol = strchrnul(bol, '\n');
 		printf("%s%.*s%s%s", color, (int)(eol - bol), bol, reset,
 		       *eol ? "\n" : "");
+		graph_show_oneline(opt->graph);
 		bol = (*eol) ? (eol + 1) : eol;
 	}
 }
@@ -376,7 +377,7 @@ static void show_signature(struct rev_info *opt, struct commit *commit)
 	struct strbuf gpg_output = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int status;
 
-	if (parse_signed_commit(commit->object.sha1, &payload, &signature) <= 0)
+	if (parse_signed_commit(commit, &payload, &signature) <= 0)
 		goto out;
 
 	status = verify_signed_buffer(payload.buf, payload.len,
@@ -446,16 +447,17 @@ static void show_one_mergetag(struct rev_info *opt,
 
 	payload_size = parse_signature(extra->value, extra->len);
 	status = -1;
-	if (extra->len > payload_size)
-		if (verify_signed_buffer(extra->value, payload_size,
-					 extra->value + payload_size,
-					 extra->len - payload_size,
-					 &verify_message, NULL)) {
-			if (verify_message.len <= gpg_message_offset)
-				strbuf_addstr(&verify_message, "No signature\n");
-			else
-				status = 0;
-		}
+	if (extra->len > payload_size) {
+		/* could have a good signature */
+		if (!verify_signed_buffer(extra->value, payload_size,
+					  extra->value + payload_size,
+					  extra->len - payload_size,
+					  &verify_message, NULL))
+			status = 0; /* good */
+		else if (verify_message.len <= gpg_message_offset)
+			strbuf_addstr(&verify_message, "No signature\n");
+		/* otherwise we couldn't verify, which is shown as bad */
+	}
 
 	show_sig_lines(opt, status, verify_message.buf);
 	strbuf_release(&verify_message);
@@ -588,7 +590,7 @@ void show_log(struct rev_info *opt)
 		show_mergetag(opt, commit);
 	}
 
-	if (!commit->buffer)
+	if (!get_cached_commit_buffer(commit, NULL))
 		return;
 
 	if (opt->show_notes) {

merge-recursive.c

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ static struct tree *shift_tree_object(struct tree *one, struct tree *two,
 
 static struct commit *make_virtual_commit(struct tree *tree, const char *comment)
 {
-	struct commit *commit = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct commit));
+	struct commit *commit = alloc_commit_node();
 	struct merge_remote_desc *desc = xmalloc(sizeof(*desc));
 
 	desc->name = comment;
@@ -190,9 +190,11 @@ static void output_commit_title(struct merge_options *o, struct commit *commit)
 			printf(_("(bad commit)\n"));
 		else {
 			const char *title;
-			int len = find_commit_subject(commit->buffer, &title);
+			const char *msg = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
+			int len = find_commit_subject(msg, &title);
 			if (len)
 				printf("%.*s\n", len, title);
+			unuse_commit_buffer(commit, msg);
 		}
 	}
 }

notes-cache.c

@@ -48,7 +48,6 @@ int notes_cache_write(struct notes_cache *c)
 {
 	unsigned char tree_sha1[20];
 	unsigned char commit_sha1[20];
-	struct strbuf msg = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (!c || !c->tree.initialized || !c->tree.ref || !*c->tree.ref)
 		return -1;
@@ -57,9 +56,8 @@ int notes_cache_write(struct notes_cache *c)
 
 	if (write_notes_tree(&c->tree, tree_sha1))
 		return -1;
-	strbuf_attach(&msg, c->validity,
-		      strlen(c->validity), strlen(c->validity) + 1);
-	if (commit_tree(&msg, tree_sha1, NULL, commit_sha1, NULL, NULL) < 0)
+	if (commit_tree(c->validity, strlen(c->validity), tree_sha1, NULL,
+			commit_sha1, NULL, NULL) < 0)
 		return -1;
 	if (update_ref("update notes cache", c->tree.ref, commit_sha1, NULL,
 		       0, QUIET_ON_ERR) < 0)

notes-merge.c

@@ -644,7 +644,8 @@ int notes_merge(struct notes_merge_options *o,
 		struct commit_list *parents = NULL;
 		commit_list_insert(remote, &parents); /* LIFO order */
 		commit_list_insert(local, &parents);
-		create_notes_commit(local_tree, parents, &o->commit_msg,
+		create_notes_commit(local_tree, parents,
+				    o->commit_msg.buf, o->commit_msg.len,
 				    result_sha1);
 	}
 
@@ -671,8 +672,8 @@ int notes_merge_commit(struct notes_merge_options *o,
 	DIR *dir;
 	struct dirent *e;
 	struct strbuf path = STRBUF_INIT;
-	char *msg = strstr(partial_commit->buffer, "\n\n");
-	struct strbuf sb_msg = STRBUF_INIT;
+	const char *buffer = get_commit_buffer(partial_commit, NULL);
+	const char *msg = strstr(buffer, "\n\n");
 	int baselen;
 
 	strbuf_addstr(&path, git_path(NOTES_MERGE_WORKTREE));
@@ -719,9 +720,9 @@ int notes_merge_commit(struct notes_merge_options *o,
 		strbuf_setlen(&path, baselen);
 	}
 
-	strbuf_attach(&sb_msg, msg, strlen(msg), strlen(msg) + 1);
-	create_notes_commit(partial_tree, partial_commit->parents, &sb_msg,
-			    result_sha1);
+	create_notes_commit(partial_tree, partial_commit->parents,
+			    msg, strlen(msg), result_sha1);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(partial_commit, buffer);
 	if (o->verbosity >= 4)
 		printf("Finalized notes merge commit: %s\n",
 			sha1_to_hex(result_sha1));

notes-utils.c

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
 #include "notes-utils.h"
 
 void create_notes_commit(struct notes_tree *t, struct commit_list *parents,
-			 const struct strbuf *msg, unsigned char *result_sha1)
+			 const char *msg, size_t msg_len,
+			 unsigned char *result_sha1)
 {
 	unsigned char tree_sha1[20];
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ void create_notes_commit(struct notes_tree *t, struct commit_list *parents,
 		/* else: t->ref points to nothing, assume root/orphan commit */
 	}
 
-	if (commit_tree(msg, tree_sha1, parents, result_sha1, NULL, NULL))
+	if (commit_tree(msg, msg_len, tree_sha1, parents, result_sha1, NULL, NULL))
 		die("Failed to commit notes tree to database");
 }
 
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ void commit_notes(struct notes_tree *t, const char *msg)
 	if (buf.buf[buf.len - 1] != '\n')
 		strbuf_addch(&buf, '\n'); /* Make sure msg ends with newline */
 
-	create_notes_commit(t, NULL, &buf, commit_sha1);
+	create_notes_commit(t, NULL, buf.buf, buf.len, commit_sha1);
 	strbuf_insert(&buf, 0, "notes: ", 7); /* commit message starts at index 7 */
 	update_ref(buf.buf, t->ref, commit_sha1, NULL, 0, DIE_ON_ERR);
 

notes-utils.h

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  * The resulting commit SHA1 is stored in result_sha1.
  */
 void create_notes_commit(struct notes_tree *t, struct commit_list *parents,
-			 const struct strbuf *msg, unsigned char *result_sha1);
+			 const char *msg, size_t msg_len, unsigned char *result_sha1);
 
 void commit_notes(struct notes_tree *t, const char *msg);
 

notes.c

@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ static int note_tree_insert(struct notes_tree *t, struct int_node *tree,
 		free(entry);
 		return 0;
 	}
-	new_node = (struct int_node *) xcalloc(sizeof(struct int_node), 1);
+	new_node = (struct int_node *) xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct int_node));
 	ret = note_tree_insert(t, new_node, n + 1, l, GET_PTR_TYPE(*p),
 			       combine_notes);
 	if (ret)
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ static void load_subtree(struct notes_tree *t, struct leaf_node *subtree,
 		if (len <= 20) {
 			type = PTR_TYPE_NOTE;
 			l = (struct leaf_node *)
-				xcalloc(sizeof(struct leaf_node), 1);
+				xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct leaf_node));
 			hashcpy(l->key_sha1, object_sha1);
 			hashcpy(l->val_sha1, entry.sha1);
 			if (len < 20) {
@@ -1003,7 +1003,7 @@ void init_notes(struct notes_tree *t, const char *notes_ref,
 	if (!combine_notes)
 		combine_notes = combine_notes_concatenate;
 
-	t->root = (struct int_node *) xcalloc(sizeof(struct int_node), 1);
+	t->root = (struct int_node *) xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct int_node));
 	t->first_non_note = NULL;
 	t->prev_non_note = NULL;
 	t->ref = notes_ref ? xstrdup(notes_ref) : NULL;

object.c

@@ -197,8 +197,8 @@ struct object *parse_object_buffer(const unsigned char *sha1, enum object_type t
 		if (commit) {
 			if (parse_commit_buffer(commit, buffer, size))
 				return NULL;
-			if (!commit->buffer) {
-				commit->buffer = buffer;
+			if (!get_cached_commit_buffer(commit, NULL)) {
+				set_commit_buffer(commit, buffer, size);
 				*eaten_p = 1;
 			}
 			obj = &commit->object;

pack-revindex.c

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ static void init_pack_revindex(void)
 	if (!num)
 		return;
 	pack_revindex_hashsz = num * 11;
-	pack_revindex = xcalloc(sizeof(*pack_revindex), pack_revindex_hashsz);
+	pack_revindex = xcalloc(pack_revindex_hashsz, sizeof(*pack_revindex));
 	for (p = packed_git; p; p = p->next) {
 		num = pack_revindex_ix(p);
 		num = - 1 - num;

path.c

@@ -249,9 +249,7 @@ int validate_headref(const char *path)
 static struct passwd *getpw_str(const char *username, size_t len)
 {
 	struct passwd *pw;
-	char *username_z = xmalloc(len + 1);
-	memcpy(username_z, username, len);
-	username_z[len] = '\0';
+	char *username_z = xmemdupz(username, len);
 	pw = getpwnam(username_z);
 	free(username_z);
 	return pw;

pathspec.c

@@ -389,8 +389,7 @@ void parse_pathspec(struct pathspec *pathspec,
 		if (!(flags & PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD))
 			die("BUG: PATHSPEC_PREFER_CWD requires arguments");
 
-		pathspec->items = item = xmalloc(sizeof(*item));
-		memset(item, 0, sizeof(*item));
+		pathspec->items = item = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*item));
 		item->match = prefix;
 		item->original = prefix;
 		item->nowildcard_len = item->len = strlen(prefix);

pretty.c

@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ static void add_rfc822_quoted(struct strbuf *out, const char *s, int len)
 
 enum rfc2047_type {
 	RFC2047_SUBJECT,
-	RFC2047_ADDRESS,
+	RFC2047_ADDRESS
 };
 
 static int is_rfc2047_special(char ch, enum rfc2047_type type)
@@ -606,29 +606,16 @@ static char *replace_encoding_header(char *buf, const char *encoding)
 	return strbuf_detach(&tmp, NULL);
 }
 
-char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
-		      char **commit_encoding,
-		      const char *output_encoding)
+const char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
+			    char **commit_encoding,
+			    const char *output_encoding)
 {
 	static const char *utf8 = "UTF-8";
 	const char *use_encoding;
 	char *encoding;
-	char *msg = commit->buffer;
+	const char *msg = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
 	char *out;
 
-	if (!msg) {
-		enum object_type type;
-		unsigned long size;
-
-		msg = read_sha1_file(commit->object.sha1, &type, &size);
-		if (!msg)
-			die("Cannot read commit object %s",
-			    sha1_to_hex(commit->object.sha1));
-		if (type != OBJ_COMMIT)
-			die("Expected commit for '%s', got %s",
-			    sha1_to_hex(commit->object.sha1), typename(type));
-	}
-
 	if (!output_encoding || !*output_encoding) {
 		if (commit_encoding)
 			*commit_encoding =
@@ -652,12 +639,13 @@ char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
 		 * Otherwise, we still want to munge the encoding header in the
 		 * result, which will be done by modifying the buffer. If we
 		 * are using a fresh copy, we can reuse it. But if we are using
-		 * the cached copy from commit->buffer, we need to duplicate it
-		 * to avoid munging commit->buffer.
+		 * the cached copy from get_commit_buffer, we need to duplicate it
+		 * to avoid munging the cached copy.
 		 */
-		out = msg;
-		if (out == commit->buffer)
-			out = xstrdup(out);
+		if (msg == get_cached_commit_buffer(commit, NULL))
+			out = xstrdup(msg);
+		else
+			out = (char *)msg;
 	}
 	else {
 		/*
@@ -667,8 +655,8 @@ char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
 		 * copy, we can free it.
 		 */
 		out = reencode_string(msg, output_encoding, use_encoding);
-		if (out && msg != commit->buffer)
-			free(msg);
+		if (out)
+			unuse_commit_buffer(commit, msg);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -687,12 +675,6 @@ char *logmsg_reencode(const struct commit *commit,
 	return out ? out : msg;
 }
 
-void logmsg_free(char *msg, const struct commit *commit)
-{
-	if (msg != commit->buffer)
-		free(msg);
-}
-
 static int mailmap_name(const char **email, size_t *email_len,
 			const char **name, size_t *name_len)
 {
@@ -796,7 +778,7 @@ struct format_commit_context {
 	struct signature_check signature_check;
 	enum flush_type flush_type;
 	enum trunc_type truncate;
-	char *message;
+	const char *message;
 	char *commit_encoding;
 	size_t width, indent1, indent2;
 	int auto_color;
@@ -1267,6 +1249,8 @@ static size_t format_commit_one(struct strbuf *sb, /* in UTF-8 */
 			if (c->signature_check.key)
 				strbuf_addstr(sb, c->signature_check.key);
 			break;
+		default:
+			return 0;
 		}
 		return 2;
 	}
@@ -1536,7 +1520,7 @@ void format_commit_message(const struct commit *commit,
 	}
 
 	free(context.commit_encoding);
-	logmsg_free(context.message, commit);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, context.message);
 	free(context.signature_check.gpg_output);
 	free(context.signature_check.signer);
 }
@@ -1705,7 +1689,7 @@ void pretty_print_commit(struct pretty_print_context *pp,
 	unsigned long beginning_of_body;
 	int indent = 4;
 	const char *msg;
-	char *reencoded;
+	const char *reencoded;
 	const char *encoding;
 	int need_8bit_cte = pp->need_8bit_cte;
 
@@ -1772,7 +1756,7 @@ void pretty_print_commit(struct pretty_print_context *pp,
 	if (pp->fmt == CMIT_FMT_EMAIL && sb->len <= beginning_of_body)
 		strbuf_addch(sb, '\n');
 
-	logmsg_free(reencoded, commit);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, reencoded);
 }
 
 void pp_commit_easy(enum cmit_fmt fmt, const struct commit *commit,

reflog-walk.c

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ static int read_one_reflog(unsigned char *osha1, unsigned char *nsha1,
 static struct complete_reflogs *read_complete_reflog(const char *ref)
 {
 	struct complete_reflogs *reflogs =
-		xcalloc(sizeof(struct complete_reflogs), 1);
+		xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct complete_reflogs));
 	reflogs->ref = xstrdup(ref);
 	for_each_reflog_ent(ref, read_one_reflog, reflogs);
 	if (reflogs->nr == 0) {
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ struct reflog_walk_info {
 
 void init_reflog_walk(struct reflog_walk_info** info)
 {
-	*info = xcalloc(sizeof(struct reflog_walk_info), 1);
+	*info = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct reflog_walk_info));
 }
 
 int add_reflog_for_walk(struct reflog_walk_info *info,
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ int add_reflog_for_walk(struct reflog_walk_info *info,
 			= reflogs;
 	}
 
-	commit_reflog = xcalloc(sizeof(struct commit_reflog), 1);
+	commit_reflog = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct commit_reflog));
 	if (recno < 0) {
 		commit_reflog->recno = get_reflog_recno_by_time(reflogs, timestamp);
 		if (commit_reflog->recno < 0) {
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ void fake_reflog_parent(struct reflog_walk_info *info, struct commit *commit)
 		return;
 	}
 
-	commit->parents = xcalloc(sizeof(struct commit_list), 1);
+	commit->parents = xcalloc(1, sizeof(struct commit_list));
 	commit->parents->item = commit_info->commit;
 }
 

remote.c

@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ static void free_refspecs(struct refspec *refspec, int nr_refspec)
 static struct refspec *parse_refspec_internal(int nr_refspec, const char **refspec, int fetch, int verify)
 {
 	int i;
-	struct refspec *rs = xcalloc(sizeof(*rs), nr_refspec);
+	struct refspec *rs = xcalloc(nr_refspec, sizeof(*rs));
 
 	for (i = 0; i < nr_refspec; i++) {
 		size_t llen;

revision.c

@@ -2791,7 +2791,7 @@ static int commit_match(struct commit *commit, struct rev_info *opt)
 {
 	int retval;
 	const char *encoding;
-	char *message;
+	const char *message;
 	struct strbuf buf = STRBUF_INIT;
 
 	if (!opt->grep_filter.pattern_list && !opt->grep_filter.header_list)
@@ -2833,14 +2833,21 @@ static int commit_match(struct commit *commit, struct rev_info *opt)
 		format_display_notes(commit->object.sha1, &buf, encoding, 1);
 	}
 
-	/* Find either in the original commit message, or in the temporary */
+	/*
+	 * Find either in the original commit message, or in the temporary.
+	 * Note that we cast away the constness of "message" here. It is
+	 * const because it may come from the cached commit buffer. That's OK,
+	 * because we know that it is modifiable heap memory, and that while
+	 * grep_buffer may modify it for speed, it will restore any
+	 * changes before returning.
+	 */
 	if (buf.len)
 		retval = grep_buffer(&opt->grep_filter, buf.buf, buf.len);
 	else
 		retval = grep_buffer(&opt->grep_filter,
-				     message, strlen(message));
+				     (char *)message, strlen(message));
 	strbuf_release(&buf);
-	logmsg_free(message, commit);
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, message);
 	return retval;
 }
 

sequencer.c

@@ -116,39 +116,23 @@ static const char *action_name(const struct replay_opts *opts)
 	return opts->action == REPLAY_REVERT ? "revert" : "cherry-pick";
 }
 
-static char *get_encoding(const char *message);
-
 struct commit_message {
 	char *parent_label;
 	const char *label;
 	const char *subject;
-	char *reencoded_message;
 	const char *message;
 };
 
 static int get_message(struct commit *commit, struct commit_message *out)
 {
-	const char *encoding;
 	const char *abbrev, *subject;
 	int abbrev_len, subject_len;
 	char *q;
 
-	if (!commit->buffer)
-		return -1;
-	encoding = get_encoding(commit->buffer);
-	if (!encoding)
-		encoding = "UTF-8";
 	if (!git_commit_encoding)
 		git_commit_encoding = "UTF-8";
 
-	out->reencoded_message = NULL;
-	out->message = commit->buffer;
-	if (same_encoding(encoding, git_commit_encoding))
-		out->reencoded_message = reencode_string(commit->buffer,
-					git_commit_encoding, encoding);
-	if (out->reencoded_message)
-		out->message = out->reencoded_message;
-
+	out->message = logmsg_reencode(commit, NULL, git_commit_encoding);
 	abbrev = find_unique_abbrev(commit->object.sha1, DEFAULT_ABBREV);
 	abbrev_len = strlen(abbrev);
 
@@ -167,29 +151,10 @@ static int get_message(struct commit *commit, struct commit_message *out)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static void free_message(struct commit_message *msg)
+static void free_message(struct commit *commit, struct commit_message *msg)
 {
 	free(msg->parent_label);
-	free(msg->reencoded_message);
-}
-
-static char *get_encoding(const char *message)
-{
-	const char *p = message, *eol;
-
-	while (*p && *p != '\n') {
-		for (eol = p + 1; *eol && *eol != '\n'; eol++)
-			; /* do nothing */
-		if (starts_with(p, "encoding ")) {
-			char *result = xmalloc(eol - 8 - p);
-			strlcpy(result, p + 9, eol - 8 - p);
-			return result;
-		}
-		p = eol;
-		if (*p == '\n')
-			p++;
-	}
-	return NULL;
+	unuse_commit_buffer(commit, msg->message);
 }
 
 static void write_cherry_pick_head(struct commit *commit, const char *pseudoref)
@@ -485,7 +450,7 @@ static int do_pick_commit(struct commit *commit, struct replay_opts *opts)
 	unsigned char head[20];
 	struct commit *base, *next, *parent;
 	const char *base_label, *next_label;
-	struct commit_message msg = { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL };
+	struct commit_message msg = { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL };
 	char *defmsg = NULL;
 	struct strbuf msgbuf = STRBUF_INIT;
 	int res, unborn = 0, allow;
@@ -650,7 +615,7 @@ static int do_pick_commit(struct commit *commit, struct replay_opts *opts)
 		res = run_git_commit(defmsg, opts, allow);
 
 leave:
-	free_message(&msg);
+	free_message(commit, &msg);
 	free(defmsg);
 
 	return res;
@@ -697,10 +662,12 @@ static int format_todo(struct strbuf *buf, struct commit_list *todo_list,
 	int subject_len;
 
 	for (cur = todo_list; cur; cur = cur->next) {
+		const char *commit_buffer = get_commit_buffer(cur->item, NULL);
 		sha1_abbrev = find_unique_abbrev(cur->item->object.sha1, DEFAULT_ABBREV);
-		subject_len = find_commit_subject(cur->item->buffer, &subject);
+		subject_len = find_commit_subject(commit_buffer, &subject);
 		strbuf_addf(buf, "%s %s %.*s\n", action_str, sha1_abbrev,
 			subject_len, subject);
+		unuse_commit_buffer(cur->item, commit_buffer);
 	}
 	return 0;
 }

sh-i18n--envsubst.c

@@ -278,9 +278,7 @@ static string_list_ty variables_set;
 static void
 note_variable (const char *var_ptr, size_t var_len)
 {
-  char *string = xmalloc (var_len + 1);
-  memcpy (string, var_ptr, var_len);
-  string[var_len] = '\0';
+  char *string = xmemdupz (var_ptr, var_len);
 
   string_list_append (&variables_set, string);
 }

sha1_file.c

@@ -315,7 +315,8 @@ static int link_alt_odb_entry(const char *entry, const char *relative_base, int
 	 * thing twice, or object directory itself.
 	 */
 	for (alt = alt_odb_list; alt; alt = alt->next) {
-		if (!memcmp(ent->base, alt->base, pfxlen)) {
+		if (pfxlen == alt->name - alt->base - 1 &&
+		    !memcmp(ent->base, alt->base, pfxlen)) {
 			free(ent);
 			return -1;
 		}

sha1_name.c

@@ -862,27 +862,17 @@ static int get_sha1_oneline(const char *prefix, unsigned char *sha1,
 		commit_list_insert(l->item, &backup);
 	}
 	while (list) {
-		char *p, *to_free = NULL;
+		const char *p, *buf;
 		struct commit *commit;
-		enum object_type type;
-		unsigned long size;
 		int matches;
 
 		commit = pop_most_recent_commit(&list, ONELINE_SEEN);
 		if (!parse_object(commit->object.sha1))
 			continue;
-		if (commit->buffer)
-			p = commit->buffer;
-		else {
-			p = read_sha1_file(commit->object.sha1, &type, &size);
-			if (!p)
-				continue;
-			to_free = p;
-		}
-
-		p = strstr(p, "\n\n");
+		buf = get_commit_buffer(commit, NULL);
+		p = strstr(buf, "\n\n");
 		matches = p && !regexec(&regex, p + 2, 0, NULL, 0);
-		free(to_free);
+		unuse_commit_buffer(commit, buf);
 
 		if (matches) {
 			hashcpy(sha1, commit->object.sha1);

t/t0008-ignores.sh

@@ -806,4 +806,29 @@ test_expect_success !MINGW 'quoting allows trailing whitespace' '
 	test_cmp err.expect err
 '
 
+test_expect_success NOT_MINGW,NOT_CYGWIN 'correct handling of backslashes' '
+	rm -rf whitespace &&
+	mkdir whitespace &&
+	>"whitespace/trailing 1  " &&
+	>"whitespace/trailing 2 \\\\" &&
+	>"whitespace/trailing 3 \\\\" &&
+	>"whitespace/trailing 4   \\ " &&
+	>"whitespace/trailing 5 \\ \\ " &&
+	>"whitespace/trailing 6 \\a\\" &&
+	>whitespace/untracked &&
+	sed -e "s/Z$//" >ignore <<-\EOF &&
+	whitespace/trailing 1 \    Z
+	whitespace/trailing 2 \\\\Z
+	whitespace/trailing 3 \\\\ Z
+	whitespace/trailing 4   \\\    Z
+	whitespace/trailing 5 \\ \\\   Z
+	whitespace/trailing 6 \\a\\Z
+	EOF
+	echo whitespace/untracked >expect &&
+	>err.expect &&
+	git ls-files -o -X ignore whitespace >actual 2>err &&
+	test_cmp expect actual &&
+	test_cmp err.expect err
+'
+
 test_done

t/t3032-merge-recursive-options.sh

@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ test_description='merge-recursive options
 . ./test-lib.sh
 
 test_have_prereq SED_STRIPS_CR && SED_OPTIONS=-b
-test_have_prereq GREP_STRIPS_CR && export GREP_OPTIONS=-U
+if test_have_prereq GREP_STRIPS_CR
+then
+	GREP_OPTIONS=-U
+	export GREP_OPTIONS
+fi
 
 test_expect_success 'setup' '
 	conflict_hunks () {

t/t3402-rebase-merge.sh

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	tr "[a-z]" "[A-Z]" <original >newfile &&
 	git add newfile &&
 	git commit -a -m"side edits further." &&
+	git branch second-side &&
 
 	tr "[a-m]" "[A-M]" <original >newfile &&
 	rm -f original &&
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ test_expect_success setup '
 	git branch test-rebase side &&
 	git branch test-rebase-pick side &&
 	git branch test-reference-pick side &&
+	git branch test-conflicts side &&
 	git checkout -b test-merge side
 '
 
@@ -138,4 +140,17 @@ test_expect_success 'rebase -s funny -Xopt' '
 	test -f funny.was.run
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'rebase --skip works with two conflicts in a row' '
+	git checkout second-side  &&
+	tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]" <newfile >tmp &&
+	mv tmp newfile &&
+	git commit -a -m"edit conflicting with side" &&
+	tr "[d-f]" "[D-F]" <newfile >tmp &&
+	mv tmp newfile &&
+	git commit -a -m"another edit conflicting with side" &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase --merge test-conflicts &&
+	test_must_fail git rebase --skip &&
+	git rebase --skip
+'
+
 test_done

t/t4202-log.sh

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 test_description='git log'
 
 . ./test-lib.sh
+. "$TEST_DIRECTORY/lib-gpg.sh"
 
 test_expect_success setup '
 
@@ -841,4 +842,34 @@ test_expect_success 'dotdot is a parent directory' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success GPG 'log --graph --show-signature' '
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard && git checkout master" &&
+	git checkout -b signed master &&
+	echo foo >foo &&
+	git add foo &&
+	git commit -S -m signed_commit &&
+	git log --graph --show-signature -n1 signed >actual &&
+	grep "^| gpg: Signature made" actual &&
+	grep "^| gpg: Good signature" actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'log --graph --show-signature for merged tag' '
+	test_when_finished "git reset --hard && git checkout master" &&
+	git checkout -b plain master &&
+	echo aaa >bar &&
+	git add bar &&
+	git commit -m bar_commit &&
+	git checkout -b tagged master &&
+	echo bbb >baz &&
+	git add baz &&
+	git commit -m baz_commit &&
+	git tag -s -m signed_tag_msg signed_tag &&
+	git checkout plain &&
+	git merge --no-ff -m msg signed_tag &&
+	git log --graph --show-signature -n1 plain >actual &&
+	grep "^|\\\  merged tag" actual &&
+	grep "^| | gpg: Signature made" actual &&
+	grep "^| | gpg: Good signature" actual
+'
+
 test_done

t/t5000-tar-tree.sh

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ check_tar with_olde-prefix olde-
 test_expect_success 'git archive on large files' '
     test_config core.bigfilethreshold 1 &&
     git archive HEAD >b3.tar &&
-    test_cmp b.tar b3.tar
+    test_cmp_bin b.tar b3.tar
 '
 
 test_expect_success \
@@ -173,15 +173,15 @@ test_expect_success \
 
 test_expect_success \
     'git archive vs. the same in a bare repo' \
-    'test_cmp b.tar b3.tar'
+    'test_cmp_bin b.tar b3.tar'
 
 test_expect_success 'git archive with --output' \
     'git archive --output=b4.tar HEAD &&
-    test_cmp b.tar b4.tar'
+    test_cmp_bin b.tar b4.tar'
 
 test_expect_success 'git archive --remote' \
     'git archive --remote=. HEAD >b5.tar &&
-    test_cmp b.tar b5.tar'
+    test_cmp_bin b.tar b5.tar'
 
 test_expect_success \
     'validate file modification time' \
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ test_expect_success \
 
 test_expect_success 'git archive with --output, override inferred format' '
 	git archive --format=tar --output=d4.zip HEAD &&
-	test_cmp b.tar d4.zip
+	test_cmp_bin b.tar d4.zip
 '
 
 test_expect_success \
@@ -244,34 +244,34 @@ test_expect_success 'archive --list shows only enabled remote filters' '
 test_expect_success 'invoke tar filter by format' '
 	git archive --format=tar.foo HEAD >config.tar.foo &&
 	tr ab ba <config.tar.foo >config.tar &&
-	test_cmp b.tar config.tar &&
+	test_cmp_bin b.tar config.tar &&
 	git archive --format=bar HEAD >config.bar &&
 	tr ab ba <config.bar >config.tar &&
-	test_cmp b.tar config.tar
+	test_cmp_bin b.tar config.tar
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'invoke tar filter by extension' '
 	git archive -o config-implicit.tar.foo HEAD &&
-	test_cmp config.tar.foo config-implicit.tar.foo &&
+	test_cmp_bin config.tar.foo config-implicit.tar.foo &&
 	git archive -o config-implicit.bar HEAD &&
-	test_cmp config.tar.foo config-implicit.bar
+	test_cmp_bin config.tar.foo config-implicit.bar
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'default output format remains tar' '
 	git archive -o config-implicit.baz HEAD &&
-	test_cmp b.tar config-implicit.baz
+	test_cmp_bin b.tar config-implicit.baz
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'extension matching requires dot' '
 	git archive -o config-implicittar.foo HEAD &&
-	test_cmp b.tar config-implicittar.foo
+	test_cmp_bin b.tar config-implicittar.foo
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'only enabled filters are available remotely' '
 	test_must_fail git archive --remote=. --format=tar.foo HEAD \
 		>remote.tar.foo &&
 	git archive --remote=. --format=bar >remote.bar HEAD &&
-	test_cmp remote.bar config.bar
+	test_cmp_bin remote.bar config.bar
 '
 
 test_expect_success GZIP 'git archive --format=tgz' '
@@ -280,27 +280,27 @@ test_expect_success GZIP 'git archive --format=tgz' '
 
 test_expect_success GZIP 'git archive --format=tar.gz' '
 	git archive --format=tar.gz HEAD >j1.tar.gz &&
-	test_cmp j.tgz j1.tar.gz
+	test_cmp_bin j.tgz j1.tar.gz
 '
 
 test_expect_success GZIP 'infer tgz from .tgz filename' '
 	git archive --output=j2.tgz HEAD &&
-	test_cmp j.tgz j2.tgz
+	test_cmp_bin j.tgz j2.tgz
 '
 
 test_expect_success GZIP 'infer tgz from .tar.gz filename' '
 	git archive --output=j3.tar.gz HEAD &&
-	test_cmp j.tgz j3.tar.gz
+	test_cmp_bin j.tgz j3.tar.gz
 '
 
 test_expect_success GZIP 'extract tgz file' '
 	gzip -d -c <j.tgz >j.tar &&
-	test_cmp b.tar j.tar
+	test_cmp_bin b.tar j.tar
 '
 
 test_expect_success GZIP 'remote tar.gz is allowed by default' '
 	git archive --remote=. --format=tar.gz HEAD >remote.tar.gz &&
-	test_cmp j.tgz remote.tar.gz
+	test_cmp_bin j.tgz remote.tar.gz
 '
 
 test_expect_success GZIP 'remote tar.gz can be disabled' '

t/t5001-archive-attr.sh

@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ test_expect_missing	worktree2/ignored-by-worktree
 
 test_expect_success 'git archive vs. bare' '
 	(cd bare && git archive HEAD) >bare-archive.tar &&
-	test_cmp archive.tar bare-archive.tar
+	test_cmp_bin archive.tar bare-archive.tar
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'git archive with worktree attributes, bare' '

t/t5003-archive-zip.sh

@@ -97,15 +97,15 @@ test_expect_success \
 
 test_expect_success \
     'git archive --format=zip vs. the same in a bare repo' \
-    'test_cmp d.zip d1.zip'
+    'test_cmp_bin d.zip d1.zip'
 
 test_expect_success 'git archive --format=zip with --output' \
     'git archive --format=zip --output=d2.zip HEAD &&
-    test_cmp d.zip d2.zip'
+    test_cmp_bin d.zip d2.zip'
 
 test_expect_success 'git archive with --output, inferring format' '
 	git archive --output=d3.zip HEAD &&
-	test_cmp d.zip d3.zip
+	test_cmp_bin d.zip d3.zip
 '
 
 test_expect_success \

t/t5004-archive-corner-cases.sh

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ test_expect_success HEADER_ONLY_TAR_OK 'tar archive of commit with empty tree' '
 test_expect_success 'tar archive of empty tree is empty' '
 	git archive --format=tar HEAD: >empty.tar &&
 	perl -e "print \"\\0\" x 10240" >10knuls.tar &&
-	test_cmp 10knuls.tar empty.tar
+	test_cmp_bin 10knuls.tar empty.tar
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'tar archive of empty tree with prefix' '

t/t5150-request-pull.sh

@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ test_expect_success 'pull request format' '
 		cd local &&
 		git request-pull initial "$downstream_url" full
 	) >request &&
-	grep ' tags/full$'
+	grep " tags/full\$" request
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'request-pull ignores OPTIONS_KEEPDASHDASH poison' '

t/t5560-http-backend-noserver.sh

@@ -5,7 +5,11 @@ test_description='test git-http-backend-noserver'
 
 HTTPD_DOCUMENT_ROOT_PATH="$TRASH_DIRECTORY"
 
-test_have_prereq GREP_STRIPS_CR && export GREP_OPTIONS=-U
+if test_have_prereq GREP_STRIPS_CR
+then
+	GREP_OPTIONS=-U
+	export GREP_OPTIONS
+fi
 
 run_backend() {
 	echo "$2" |

t/t6006-rev-list-format.sh

@@ -468,4 +468,10 @@ test_expect_success 'single-character name is parsed correctly' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'unused %G placeholders are passed through' '
+	echo "%GX %G" >expect &&
+	git log -1 --format="%GX %G" >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done

t/t7003-filter-branch.sh

@@ -308,6 +308,17 @@ test_expect_success 'Prune empty commits' '
 	test_cmp expect actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success 'prune empty collapsed merges' '
+	test_config merge.ff false &&
+	git rev-list HEAD >expect &&
+	test_commit to_remove_2 &&
+	git reset --hard HEAD^ &&
+	test_merge non-ff to_remove_2 &&
+	git filter-branch -f --index-filter "git update-index --remove to_remove_2.t" --prune-empty HEAD &&
+	git rev-list HEAD >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_expect_success '--remap-to-ancestor with filename filters' '
 	git checkout master &&
 	git reset --hard A &&

t/t7300-clean.sh

@@ -426,10 +426,10 @@ test_expect_success SANITY 'removal failure' '
 
 	mkdir foo &&
 	touch foo/bar &&
+	test_when_finished "chmod 755 foo" &&
 	(exec <foo/bar &&
 	 chmod 0 foo &&
-	 test_must_fail git clean -f -d &&
-	 chmod 755 foo)
+	 test_must_fail git clean -f -d)
 '
 
 test_expect_success 'nested git work tree' '

t/t7510-signed-commit.sh

@@ -43,31 +43,44 @@ test_expect_success GPG 'create signed commits' '
 
 	test_tick && git rebase -f HEAD^^ && git tag sixth-signed HEAD^ &&
 	git tag seventh-signed
+
+	echo 8 >file && test_tick && git commit -a -m eighth -SB7227189 &&
+	git tag eighth-signed-alt
 '
 
 test_expect_success GPG 'show signatures' '
 	(
-		for commit in initial second merge fourth-signed fifth-signed sixth-signed master
+		for commit in initial second merge fourth-signed fifth-signed sixth-signed seventh-signed
 		do
 			git show --pretty=short --show-signature $commit >actual &&
-			grep "Good signature from" actual || exit 1
-			! grep "BAD signature from" actual || exit 1
-			echo $commit OK
+			grep "Good signature from" actual &&
+			! grep "BAD signature from" actual &&
+			echo $commit OK || exit 1
 		done
 	) &&
 	(
 		for commit in merge^2 fourth-unsigned sixth-unsigned seventh-unsigned
 		do
 			git show --pretty=short --show-signature $commit >actual &&
-			grep "Good signature from" actual && exit 1
-			! grep "BAD signature from" actual || exit 1
-			echo $commit OK
+			! grep "Good signature from" actual &&
+			! grep "BAD signature from" actual &&
+			echo $commit OK || exit 1
+		done
+	) &&
+	(
+		for commit in eighth-signed-alt
+		do
+			git show --pretty=short --show-signature $commit >actual &&
+			grep "Good signature from" actual &&
+			! grep "BAD signature from" actual &&
+			grep "not certified" actual &&
+			echo $commit OK || exit 1
 		done
 	)
 '
 
 test_expect_success GPG 'detect fudged signature' '
-	git cat-file commit master >raw &&
+	git cat-file commit seventh-signed >raw &&
 
 	sed -e "s/seventh/7th forged/" raw >forged1 &&
 	git hash-object -w -t commit forged1 >forged1.commit &&
@@ -77,7 +90,7 @@ test_expect_success GPG 'detect fudged signature' '
 '
 
 test_expect_success GPG 'detect fudged signature with NUL' '
-	git cat-file commit master >raw &&
+	git cat-file commit seventh-signed >raw &&
 	cat raw >forged2 &&
 	echo Qwik | tr "Q" "\000" >>forged2 &&
 	git hash-object -w -t commit forged2 >forged2.commit &&
@@ -94,4 +107,44 @@ test_expect_success GPG 'amending already signed commit' '
 	! grep "BAD signature from" actual
 '
 
+test_expect_success GPG 'show good signature with custom format' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	G
+	13B6F51ECDDE430D
+	C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	git log -1 --format="%G?%n%GK%n%GS" sixth-signed >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'show bad signature with custom format' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	B
+	13B6F51ECDDE430D
+	C O Mitter <committer@example.com>
+	EOF
+	git log -1 --format="%G?%n%GK%n%GS" $(cat forged1.commit) >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'show unknown signature with custom format' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	U
+	61092E85B7227189
+	Eris Discordia <discord@example.net>
+	EOF
+	git log -1 --format="%G?%n%GK%n%GS" eighth-signed-alt >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
+test_expect_success GPG 'show lack of signature with custom format' '
+	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
+	N
+
+
+	EOF
+	git log -1 --format="%G?%n%GK%n%GS" seventh-unsigned >actual &&
+	test_cmp expect actual
+'
+
 test_done

t/t7700-repack.sh

@@ -35,9 +35,25 @@ test_expect_success 'objects in packs marked .keep are not repacked' '
 	test -z "$found_duplicate_object"
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'writing bitmaps can duplicate .keep objects' '
+test_expect_success 'writing bitmaps via command-line can duplicate .keep objects' '
 	# build on $objsha1, $packsha1, and .keep state from previous
-	git repack -Adl &&
+	git repack -Adbl &&
+	test_when_finished "found_duplicate_object=" &&
+	for p in .git/objects/pack/*.idx; do
+		idx=$(basename $p)
+		test "pack-$packsha1.idx" = "$idx" && continue
+		if git verify-pack -v $p | egrep "^$objsha1"; then
+			found_duplicate_object=1
+			echo "DUPLICATE OBJECT FOUND"
+			break
+		fi
+	done &&
+	test "$found_duplicate_object" = 1
+'
+
+test_expect_success 'writing bitmaps via config can duplicate .keep objects' '
+	# build on $objsha1, $packsha1, and .keep state from previous
+	git -c pack.writebitmaps=true repack -Adl &&
 	test_when_finished "found_duplicate_object=" &&
 	for p in .git/objects/pack/*.idx; do
 		idx=$(basename $p)

t/t7810-grep.sh

@@ -1096,11 +1096,6 @@ test_expect_success 'grep -E pattern with grep.patternType=fixed' '
 	test_cmp expected actual
 '
 
-test_config() {
-	git config "$1" "$2" &&
-	test_when_finished "git config --unset $1"
-}
-
 cat >expected <<EOF
 hello.c<RED>:<RESET>int main(int argc, const char **argv)
 hello.c<RED>-<RESET>{

t/test-lib-functions.sh

@@ -617,6 +617,12 @@ test_cmp() {
 	$GIT_TEST_CMP "$@"
 }
 
+# test_cmp_bin - helper to compare binary files
+
+test_cmp_bin() {
+	cmp "$@"
+}
+
 # Check if the file expected to be empty is indeed empty, and barfs
 # otherwise.
 

transport-helper.c

@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ static struct ref *get_refs_list(struct transport *transport, int for_push)
 
 int transport_helper_init(struct transport *transport, const char *name)
 {
-	struct helper_data *data = xcalloc(sizeof(*data), 1);
+	struct helper_data *data = xcalloc(1, sizeof(*data));
 	data->name = name;
 
 	if (getenv("GIT_TRANSPORT_HELPER_DEBUG"))